NSC 170C1 1st Edition Lecture 26 Outline of Last Lecture I. CarbohydratesII. Fat as FuelIII. Foods to eat before, during, and after exercise A. effectsOutline of Current Lecture A. A full-term pregnancy lasts 38-42 weeksi. 1st trimester: conception to 13th weekii. 2nd trimester: 14th to 27th weekiii. 3rd trimester: 28th to 42nd weekB. Zygote- first 2 weeks after fertilizationC. Embryonic stage: 3rd week to the 8th weekD. After the 8th week, the developing baby Current LectureI. 1st trimesterA. Fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tube and implants in the wall of the uterus i. Om donates X chromosome in mature egg (ovum)ii. Dad donates either X or Y chromosome in sperm iii. Fertilization combines the XX or the XY chromosomes B. Development of organs, limb buds, facial features, placentaC. Embryos are extremely vulnerable to teratogens during this timeD. Critical periods of developmenti. Cell- tissue-organ-organ systemsii. Development requires nutrients and environments iii. Interruptions can cause permanent damageE. Neural Tube defectsi. Nutrition related problem (folate)a) Embryo neural tube (CNS) b) Spina Bifida- lower backc) Anencephaly- high up on spine, baby with no brain, baby can’t surviveF. Placentai. Organ that develops inside the uterus as part of the fertilized egg ii. Place where maternal and fetal blood circulate in close proximity and exchange materialsiii. Where fetus receives nutrients and oxygen iv. Where mother’s bloods picks up carbon dioxide and other waste material from fetus for her to excretev. Metabolically active organ:a) Produces enzymesb) Hormones c) Maintain pregnancy -Estrogen-Progesterone G. Morning sickness, can occur anytime during the dayi. Many women have cravings for specific foods during pregnancy ii. Pica is the craving and consumption of nonedible items such as cornstarch, clay, dirt, or baking sodaiii. First trimester does not require extra energyII. 2nd TrimesterA. Continued development of organ systems B. More than 10 inches of growth during the time C. Fetus weighs more than 2 lbs by the end of the 2nd trimesterD. Bloodi. Increased in volume ii. Increased RBCiii. Decreased nutrient concentrationE. Kidneyi. Increased blood flowii. Increased clearance iii. Nutrient content in urine F. Gastrointestinali. Decreased motility ii. Increases surface areaiii. Increased nutrient absorptionG. Uterus- increased size and blood flowH. Mammary- increased blood flow and glandular growthI. Adipose- increased fat depositionJ. Immune system- suppressedIII. 3rd TrimesterA. Time of considerable fetal growthB. Fetus gains 4/4 of its weight in this timeC. Brain growth is also extensiveD. Lungs become fully matureE. A balanced, adequate diet for the mother is essential during this time IV. Adequate weight gain supports the baby’s growth A. Healthy women gain an average of 27.5 pounds during pregnancyB. Recommendation for weight gain during pregnancy:i. Are based on pre-pregnancy weightii. Support a health birth weight of 6.5 to 8.5 pounds C. Gaining excess weight is associated with increased likelihood of remaining overweight after pregnancyD. Caloric needs are not increased during the first trimester; however, needs for some nutrients are increasedE. Weight gaini. 1st trimester: 0-13 weeksa) 2 to 4 pounds ii. 2nd trimester: 14-27 weeksa) 12 to 14 pounds iii. 3rd trimester: 28 - 40 weeksa) 12 to 14 poundsiv. TOTAL 26 to 32 poundsF. 50 percent increase in needs for folate, zinc, and ironi. Folate a) A supplement and/or folic acid- fortified foods should meet needsii. Irona) Increased needs to make additional red blood cells and prevent anemia b) Most women cannot meet iron needs during pregnancy with food alone, so supplements are needsiii. Zinc and Coppera) I Iron can interfere with absorption, so women taking more than 30 mg iron should also take 15 mg zinc and 2 mg copperb) Zinc: role in protein metabolism and DNA synthesisc) Copper: role in energy production, connective tissue synthesis, and the transport of ironG. Vegetarians and vegans should be mindful of meeting needs for essential fatty acids and vitamin b12 during pregnancyH. Many pregnant women fail to meet needs for calcium and vitamin D.i. Selecting milk as the beverage of choice is an excellent wayto meet these needsii. Vitamins A and D can be toxic in high concentrations, so it is important for pregnant women to consult with a health care provider to choose an appropriate prenatal supplementV. Things pregnant women should avoid A. The immune system is weakened during pregnancy, so mother and baby are at greater risk for foodborne illnessB. The bacteria Listeria Monocytogenes may cause miscarriage, premature labor, low birth weight, developmental problems, or even infant death.C. Pregnant women should avoid raw or undercooked meats, fish, or poultry; unpasteurized milk, cheese, and juices; and raw sprouts.D. Smoking during pregnancy increases risk of a low birth weight baby, prematurity, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and may stunt long-term growthE. Even secondhand smoke can affect the health of a mom-to-be and herbabyF. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and learning and behavioral disabilitiesG. Illicit drugs can increase risk of miscarriage, preterm labor, low birth weight, and birth defects. After birth the baby may experience drug withdrawal symptomsH. Caffeine can be passed to the fetus. Pregnant women should limit caffeine to no more than 150 mg (approximately 12 oz of coffee) per dayVI. Pregnant women need to consume adequate calories, carbohydrates, and protein to support growthA. An additional 340 calories daily are needed during the second trimester B. Need a minimum of 175g carbohydrate per day C. Protein needs increased 35 percent to about 71 grams daily D. Pregnant women should aim to gain slightly less than one pound per week during the second trimesterE. An extra 450 calories daily are needed during the third trimester. The growing baby exerts pressure on the mom’s intestines and stomach, which can cause heart burnF. To minimize heartburn, eat small, frequent meals, avoid spicy foods, and avoid laying down after meals and snacks VII. Daily exercise is importantA. Exercise during pregnancy can: i. Improve sleepii. Lower the risk of hypertension and diabetesiii. Prevent backachesiv. Shorten labor v. Help women return to pre-pregnancy weight more quickly after deliveryB. 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise on most