NSC 170C1 1st Edition Lecture 27 Outline of Last Lecture I. Pregnancy Through Infancy Outline of Current Lecture II. Nutrition needs for younger children A. Adolescent B. Adults Current LectureI. What Are the Nutritional Needs and Issues of Young Children?A. Early childhood includes:i. Toddlers (1- and 2-year-olds)ii. Preschoolers (ages 3 to 5 years)B. Still growing, but growth rates have slowed significantlyC. Nutritional needs and appetites of toddlers diminish, relative to the needs of infantsII. Young Children Need to Eat Frequent, Small, Nutrient-Dense MealsA. Need 1,000 to 1,400 calories per dayB. Young children tend to eat in small quantities, so meals and snacks must be nutrient densei. Meals and snacks should contain meat and beans, fruits, vegetables, milk, and whole grains.ii. Parents should be mindful about portion size. Serve one tablespoon of food at a time per year of ageC. Foods posing choking hazards such as whole grapes, hard candy, nuts and seeds, popcorn, and chewing gum should be kept away from children younger than age 4i. Having children eat only when sitting will help decrease the likelihood of chokingIII. Young Children Have Unique Nutrient NeedsA. Special concerns in the diets of young children:B. Calcium: needed to help develop healthy bonesi. 1 to 3 years: 500 mg/dayii. 4 to 5 years: 800 mg/dayC. Iron: Young children are at particular risk for iron deficiency, which can lead to developmental delays.i. 9 percent of children 1 to 2 years old, and 4 percent of 3- to 4-year-olds, are iron deficient in the United Statesii. Lean meats and iron-fortified cereals are good sources of iron in children’s dietsiii. Iron toxicity is also a concern in children under 6 due to accidental poisoningD. Vitamin D: needed to build healthy bonesi. Children 1 to 8 should consume 10 mcg (400 IU) of vitamin D dailyii. 2 cups of milk will meet half of this, so fortified cereals or supplements are necessary.E. Fiber: promotes bowel regularity and prevents constipationi. 1 to 3 years: 19 grams/dayii. 4 to 8 years: 25 grams/dayF. Fluids: recommendations are based on weighti. Provide water, milk, and possibly some 100% juiceii. Avoid soda and sugary drinksIV. Picky Eating and “Food Jags” Are Common in Young ChildrenA. Children may need to be exposed to a food 10 times or more before accepting itB. Should be allowed to stop eating once they are full and not forced to “clean their plates”C. Small children can seem to have very narrow food preferencesD. Parents should serve as models for their children and eat a varied, healthy dieti. Involving children in food shopping, menu selection, and preparation of meals also encourages a varied diet.E. Food jags are a child’s tendency to want to eat only a limited selection of foodsi. Quite common and usually temporaryF. Mealtimes and Snacking i. Use psychology to get desirable behaviorsii. Hide adult finicky eating from children if possibleG. Get children into good habits early in lifei. Desert should be for special occasions, not a regular featureii. Don’t push foods because “they are good for you”iii. Offer choices, it’s the only control children have and they want to use it, but make all choices healthyV. What Are the Nutritional Needs and Issues of School-Aged Children?A. School-aged children are experiencing higher rates of obesityi. Overweight and obesity have increased dramatically.ii. 17 percent of U.S. children and adolescents are obese.B. Children are overeatingi. Children are overeatingii. Taking in excess calories from soda, candy, chips, and othersnack itemsiii. Food is everywhere and portions are biggeriv. Often avoid lower calorie, healthy foods like fruits and vegetablesv. Excess sugar and sweets may make weight management a challenge, but research does not support the theory that itnegatively affects behaviorvi. Increase in Obesity among U.S. Children and AdolescentsC. Children are not getting enough physical activityi. Increased screen time—spend 4½ hours a day watching TV,videos, DVDs, and movies. Should be limited to no more than 2 hours dailyii. Decreased physical activity at school—only 8 percent of elementary schools and 6.4 percent of middle schools provide daily physical activityD. Obesity contributes to diabetesi. Increased obesity is resulting in increased rates of type 2 diabetes among childrenii. Early intervention and treatment including physical activityand a diet with moderation, variety, and balance is a mustiii. Participation of the whole family ensures successE. MyPyramid for kids can help guide food choicesi. MyPyramid for kids encourages children to “Eat Right. Exercise. Have Fun.”ii. Key messages include:1. Be physically active every day2. Choose healthier foods from each group3. Eat more of some food groups than others4. Eat foods from every food group every day5. Make the right choices for you6. Take it one step at a timeF. School lunches contribute to children’s nutritional statusi. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) provides nutritionally balanced, low-cost or free lunches to more than 28 million American children each school dayii. Specific nutrition guidelines1. Minimum levels for calories, protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins A and C2. Maximum levels for percent calories from fat and saturated fatiii. For children who don’t eat school lunches, parents and caregivers are responsible for providing healthy substitutesiv. A lunch packed with the child’s input has a better chance of being eaten.1. Research suggests that eating breakfast is associated with healthier body weight in children and adolescents and improved cognitive function, academic performance, school attendance rates, psychosocial function, and mood.v. Students to see healthier school lunches under new USDA rules1. More fruit and vegetables and less fat2. Increase the amount of whole-grain foods and reduce the sodium3. http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/01/25/10234671-students-to-see-healthier-school-lunches-under-new-usda-rules4. However, there still will be some favorites, pizza, etc.G. What are the nutritional needs and issues of school-aged children?i. School-aged children: 6 to 13 years oldStill have plenty of growing to doMost boys and girls grow 2 inches per year.ii. Weight doubles between 6 and13 years oldIII. What Are the Nutritional Needs and Issues of Adolescents?A. Adolescence: the stage of the life cycle between the start of puberty and adulthoodB. Characterized by:i. Hormonal