NSC 170C1 1st Edition Lecture 27 Outline of Last Lecture I Pregnancy Through Infancy Outline of Current Lecture II Nutrition needs for younger children A Adolescent B Adults Current Lecture I What Are the Nutritional Needs and Issues of Young Children A Early childhood includes i Toddlers 1 and 2 year olds ii Preschoolers ages 3 to 5 years B Still growing but growth rates have slowed significantly C Nutritional needs and appetites of toddlers diminish relative to the needs of infants II Young Children Need to Eat Frequent Small Nutrient Dense Meals A Need 1 000 to 1 400 calories per day B Young children tend to eat in small quantities so meals and snacks must be nutrient dense i Meals and snacks should contain meat and beans fruits vegetables milk and whole grains ii Parents should be mindful about portion size Serve one tablespoon of food at a time per year of age C Foods posing choking hazards such as whole grapes hard candy nuts and seeds popcorn and chewing gum should be kept away from children younger than age 4 i Having children eat only when sitting will help decrease the likelihood of choking III Young Children Have Unique Nutrient Needs A Special concerns in the diets of young children B Calcium needed to help develop healthy bones i 1 to 3 years 500 mg day ii 4 to 5 years 800 mg day C Iron Young children are at particular risk for iron deficiency which can lead to developmental delays i 9 percent of children 1 to 2 years old and 4 percent of 3to 4 year olds are iron deficient in the United States ii Lean meats and iron fortified cereals are good sources of iron in children s diets iii Iron toxicity is also a concern in children under 6 due to accidental poisoning D Vitamin D needed to build healthy bones i Children 1 to 8 should consume 10 mcg 400 IU of vitamin D daily ii 2 cups of milk will meet half of this so fortified cereals or supplements are necessary E Fiber promotes bowel regularity and prevents constipation i 1 to 3 years 19 grams day ii 4 to 8 years 25 grams day F Fluids recommendations are based on weight i Provide water milk and possibly some 100 juice ii Avoid soda and sugary drinks IV Picky Eating and Food Jags Are Common in Young Children A Children may need to be exposed to a food 10 times or more before accepting it B Should be allowed to stop eating once they are full and not forced to clean their plates C Small children can seem to have very narrow food preferences D Parents should serve as models for their children and eat a varied healthy diet i Involving children in food shopping menu selection and preparation of meals also encourages a varied diet E Food jags are a child s tendency to want to eat only a limited selection of foods i Quite common and usually temporary F Mealtimes and Snacking i Use psychology to get desirable behaviors ii Hide adult finicky eating from children if possible G Get children into good habits early in life i Desert should be for special occasions not a regular feature ii Don t push foods because they are good for you iii Offer choices it s the only control children have and they want to use it but make all choices healthy V What Are the Nutritional Needs and Issues of School Aged Children A School aged children are experiencing higher rates of obesity i Overweight and obesity have increased dramatically B C D E F ii 17 percent of U S children and adolescents are obese Children are overeating i Children are overeating ii Taking in excess calories from soda candy chips and other snack items iii Food is everywhere and portions are bigger iv Often avoid lower calorie healthy foods like fruits and vegetables v Excess sugar and sweets may make weight management a challenge but research does not support the theory that it negatively affects behavior vi Increase in Obesity among U S Children and Adolescents Children are not getting enough physical activity i Increased screen time spend 4 hours a day watching TV videos DVDs and movies Should be limited to no more than 2 hours daily ii Decreased physical activity at school only 8 percent of elementary schools and 6 4 percent of middle schools provide daily physical activity Obesity contributes to diabetes i Increased obesity is resulting in increased rates of type 2 diabetes among children ii Early intervention and treatment including physical activity and a diet with moderation variety and balance is a must iii Participation of the whole family ensures success MyPyramid for kids can help guide food choices i MyPyramid for kids encourages children to Eat Right Exercise Have Fun ii Key messages include 1 Be physically active every day 2 Choose healthier foods from each group 3 Eat more of some food groups than others 4 Eat foods from every food group every day 5 Make the right choices for you 6 Take it one step at a time School lunches contribute to children s nutritional status i The National School Lunch Program NSLP provides nutritionally balanced low cost or free lunches to more than 28 million American children each school day ii Specific nutrition guidelines 1 Minimum levels for calories protein calcium iron and vitamins A and C 2 Maximum levels for percent calories from fat and saturated fat iii For children who don t eat school lunches parents and caregivers are responsible for providing healthy substitutes iv A lunch packed with the child s input has a better chance of being eaten 1 Research suggests that eating breakfast is associated with healthier body weight in children and adolescents and improved cognitive function academic performance school attendance rates psychosocial function and mood v Students to see healthier school lunches under new USDA rules 1 More fruit and vegetables and less fat 2 Increase the amount of whole grain foods and reduce the sodium 3 http usnews msnbc msn com news 2012 01 25 10234671 students to seehealthier school lunches under newusda rules 4 However there still will be some favorites pizza etc G What are the nutritional needs and issues of school aged children i School aged children 6 to 13 years old Still have plenty of growing to do Most boys and girls grow 2 inches per year ii Weight doubles between 6 and13 years old III What Are the Nutritional Needs and Issues of Adolescents A Adolescence the stage of the life cycle between the start of puberty and adulthood B Characterized by i Hormonal changes Adolescents develop secondary sex characteristics ii Physical changes Rapid growth spurts occur that must be supported with adequate