BIOL 320 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide: Lectures: 24 -25Lecture 24Male ReproductionUnderstand the structures and functions of the male reproductive system. Know how sperm is developed. Understand the hormonal control and the developmental aspects.Structures:- Testes: contain the seminiferous tubules  produce sperm & surrounded by interstitial cells that produce testosterone- Epididymis: absorb testicular fluid & pass nutrients to sperm- Scrotum: thermoregulation (keeps tests 3°C than body core temperature)- Vas deferens- Urethra: carries both urine and semen at different times- Seminal vesicle- Prostate gland: partially activates sperm- Bulbourethral gland: secretes mucous prior to ejaculation to clear any traces of acidic urine- Penis: sperm deliverySpermatogenesis:- Meiosis of diploid stem cell (46 chromosomes) to haploid (23 chromosome) mature spermatozoa- Stem cells: spermatogonia undergo mitosis  spermatocytes undergo meiosis- Haploid maturing cells: spermatids- Mature gamete: spermatozoon- Stage occur at specific locations in Sertoli cells- Mature spermatozoa travel from seminiferous tubules to epididymis by peristalsis- Two Phases:o Spermiogenesiso Meiosis- Two Compartments:o Adluminal compartmento Basal compartment--Hormonal Control:- LH  Interstitial Cells  Testosterone  Blood- FSH  Sertoli Cells  Spermatogenesis (with Testosterone produced by interstitial cells)- Also stimulate male secondary sexual characteristicso Hair, muscle mas, vocal chords, behavior, Adam’s apple…Developmental Aspects- Week 5: Wolffian ducts form internally --> primordial germ cells populate these --> spermatogonia- Week 7: under influence of testosterone male structures form internally (testes near kidneys) & externally labioscrotal swelling --> scrotum & genital tubercle --> penis grows around urethra- Month 8: surge of testosterone stimulate testes descent into scrotum (cryptorchid = failure of one or both testes to descend)- Puberty: organs reach full size & function; hair/beard/armpit growth; muscle development; voice drops; Adam's appleLecture 25Female ReproductionUnderstand the structures and functions of the female reproductive system. Know the ovarian and menstrual cycles. Understand the hormonal control and the developmental aspects.Structures:- Ovary: produce gametes & sex hormones- Uterine tubes: receive ovulated oocytes; site of fertilization; & carries oocyte to uterus- Uterus: highly vascularized & site for implantation of zygote- Vagina: passage way for birth & menstrual flow and organ of copulationOogenesis- Definition: production of female gametes via meiosis- In the fetal period:1. Oogonia multiply by mitosis2. Primordial follicles appear --> primary oocytes3. Primary oocytes start meiosis I but stall in prophase I- At and after puberty:1. One primary oocyte --> 2 haploid cells (polar body & secondary oocyte)2. Secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II3. If penetrated by sperm, then the secondary oocytes complete meiosisII --> large ovum & second polar bodyOvarian Cycle:- Definition: monthly series of events associated with maturation of the egg- Two Phases:o Follicular phase: (steps 1-6)1. Thecal & granulosa cells produce estrogens2. Zona pellucida forms around oocyte3. Antrum formation occurs (secondary follicle); secondary follicle --> Graafian follicle4. Antrum enlarges; corona radiata forms5. Follicles bulges from surface of ovary6. Primary oocyte completes meiosis Io Luteal phase: (steps 7-9)…days 14-281. Ruptured follicle collapses2. Granulosa cells enlarge & with thecal cells --> corpus luteum3. Corpus luteum secretes estrogen & progesterone4. If no pregnancy, corpus luteum last 10 days. If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum last 3 months (produce hormones to maintain endometrium until placenta takes over)5. Corpus albicans: scar of degenerated corpus luteumo Ovulation: Graafian follicle burst releasing oocyte; "mittelschmerz" = twinge felt by some women at ovulation; 1-2% ovulation => more than primary oocytes = fraternal twinso Establishment: during childhood, ovaries grow & secrete low estrogen --> inhibit release of GnRH (from ventral hypothalamus). During puberty, GnRH released --> FSH & LH act on ovaries. Therefore, adult cyclical pattern.o Hormone Interactions Day 1: GnRH stimulate release of FSH & LH --> stimulate follicle growth/maturation --> low estrogen levels Before day 14: estrogen levels rising --> inhibit FSH & LH (anterior pituitary accumulates them) Day 14: high levels of estrogen positive feedback on LH/FSH => surge of LH & FSH--> formation of secondary oocyte (metaphase II), ovulation occurs, corpus luteum formed After day 14: corpus luteum produces inhibin, estrogen & progesterone; LH/FSH production shuts down Days 26-28: ovarian hormone production declines; LH/FSH no longer inhibited socycle starts againMenstrual Cycle:- Definition: cyclical changes in uterine lining in response to ovarian hormones- Days 1-5: flow phase; all but deepest layers of lining are shed- Days 6-14: proliferative phase; endometrium rebuilds self- Days 15-28: secretory phase; getting ready for implantation (very vascular; glands extenddeep into lining)- If fertilization does not occur:1. Progesterone levels decline2. Hormonal support of endometrium is gone3. Spiral arteries kink, spasm --> endometrial cells die4. Functional layer digests self5. Spiral arteries constrict & then dilate & open6. Sudden rush of blood fractionates capillary beds --> layer sloughsHormonal Control:- Estrogen & Progesterone Effects1.Promote oogenesis & follicle growth2.Anabolic effects on female structures -Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina --> enlarge & become functional -Uterus & tubes --> develop motility -Vaginal lining thickens, external genitalia matures- Secondary Sex Characteristics1.Development promoted by estrogen2.Breast development3.Pelvis wider & lighter 4.Subcutaneous fat deposition (especially breast tissue and hips)5. Axillary & pubic hairDevelopmental Aspects:- 5th week: Mullerian ducts form internally; soon primordial germ cells --> oogonia- 8th week: female structures formingo In absence of testosterone: labioscrotal swelling --> labia majora; genital tubercle --> clitoris; urethral folds --> labia minora- 8th month: ovaries descend but are trapped by broad ligament- Puberty: reproductive organs reach full size & function; secondary