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TAMU BIOL 320 - Exam 4 Study Guide
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BIOL 320 1st EditionExam 4 Study Guide: Lectures: 18 - 22Lecture 18Nutrition & MetabolismUnderstand lipid metabolism and metabolism of nutrients. Know the main categories of nutrients addressed in lecture.Categories of Nutrients- Carbohydrates- Lipids- Proteins- Vitamins- MineralsDigestion on NutrientsLipid MetabolismLecture 19Metabolic States & Pathways AND Regulation of MetabolismUnderstand the cholesterol and liver functions. Know that the metabolic pathways of different nutrients merge to attain same goal. Understand regulatory mechanisms of metabolism.Liver Metabolism- Packages: fatty acids for storage and transport- Synthesizes: plasma proteins- Forms: nonessential amino acids- Converts: ammonia (from deamination) to urea- Stores glucose: as glycogen & regulates blood glucose homeostasis- Stores vitamins, conserves iron, degrades hormones, and detoxifiesCholesterol:- Importance: structural base for bile salts, steroid hormones, & vitamin D- Transport: via lipoproteinso HDL: high density lipoproteins; transport cholesterol to liver for excretiono LDL: low density lipoproteins; transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues…excess creates plaques; regulates cholesterol synthesiso VLDL: very low density lipoproteins; transport triglycerides mostly to adipose tissue- Heart attack risk: artery damageo Lowered risk: higher ratio of HDL than LDLo Higher risk: higher ratio of LDL than HDLInterconversion of Metabolic Pathways for Different NutrientsAbsorptive State:Post-absorptive State:Regulatory Mechanisms of MetabolismLecture 20Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism & Intro to Urinary SystemUnderstand the hormonal control of metabolism, especially insulin. Know major functions (primary & secondary) of renal system. Describe the anatomy of the kidney and the nephron with the structures part of each larger structure.Metabolic Hormones:- Catabolic- Anabolico Insulin Effects Increases: protein synthesis, amino acid transport, glucose uptake, muscleglycogen storage, and muscle blood flow Decreases: protein degradation and cortisol releaseUrinary System- Major function of urinary system = those of kidney…the other organs serve to support the kidney.- Primary Renal Functions:1. Filter blood (200L/day)2. Removes metabolic waste, toxins, & excess ions3. Regulates volume & chemical composition of blood4. Maintains proper water/salt/acid/base balance- Secondary Renal Functions:1. Produces rennin (regulates blood pressure)2. Produces EPO (RBC production)3. Activates vitamin D4. Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fastingAnatomy of Kidney- Renal cortex- Renal medulla- Renal pelvisAnatomy of the Nephron- Renal corpuscle- Renal tubule- Glomerular capillaries- Peritubular capillariesLecture 21Urinary System & Regulation of Urinary SystemHow does blood pressure effect renal circulation? How is urine formed? Understand the mechanisms of urine formation. Know how GFR is regulated. Know other structures of urinary system.Blood pressure and renal circulation are directly related. When blood pressure drops, renal circulation decreases.Mechanisms of Urine Formation- Glomerular filtration- Tubular reabsorption- Tubular secretionGlomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)- Governing factors:o Total surface area of filtero Filter membrane permeabilityo Net filtration pressure- Regulatory mechanisms:o Renal autoregulation (intrinsic)o Neural controls (extrinsic)o Hormonal mechanismStructures of Urinary System:- Kidneys- Ureters- Urinary bladder- UrethraLecture 22Urinary System Conclusion & Intro to OsmoregulationUnderstand the regulation of micturition. Know the developmental aspects of the urinary system. How does water composition differ in different groups? Know the different fluid compartments and the composition of solutes and body fluids in each. Understand the water balance disorders discussed in class.Regulation of MicturitionDevelopmental Aspects of Renal System- Embryonic: three sets of kidneys (6), only one set developing by week 5- Fetal: produced by third month- Infants: small bladders, kidneys can't concentrate urine- Childhood: voluntary urethral sphincter control develops with nervous system- Urinary Tract Infections: 80% due to E. coli; STDs can inflame urinary tract- Aging: kidney function declines; many elderly develop incontinenceFluid Compartments- Intracellular fluid- Extracellular fluido Interstitial fluido Plasma volumeWater Balance Disorders- Dehydration- Hypotonic- Hyponatremia-


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TAMU BIOL 320 - Exam 4 Study Guide

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