BIOL 320 1st EditionLecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Humoral Immune ResponseII. Acquired ImmunityIII. Basic Antibody StructureIV. Antibody Defense MechanismsV. Monoclonal AntibodiesVI. Cell Mediated ImmunityVII. Helper T Cell ActivationVIII. Homeostatic ImbalanceIX. Hodgkin’s DiseaseX. Acute Allergic ResponseXI. HypersensitivitiesXII. Developmental AspectsOutline of Current Lecture XIII. Respiratory SystemXIV. NoseXV. Nasal CavityXVI. Paranasal SinusesXVII. PharynxXVIII. LarynxXIX. TracheaXX. Bronchi/BronchiolesCurrent LectureRespiratory System- Function = to supply tissues with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide- Respiration = Collective Processes:1. Pulmonary ventilation - move air in/out of lungs2. External respiration - gas exchange between lungs and blood3. Gas transport - moving gas from lungs to tissues, carried by blood4. Internal respiration - gas exchange between blood and target tissues- Respiratory Zone = parts of the lungs close to the alveoli (bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli)- Conducting Zone = rigid conduits through which air moves (all other respiratory structures)Nose- Functions:1. Filter/clean air2. Smell3. Provide an airway4. Warm & moisten air5. Resonating chamber for speech- Regions:- External - everything outside the nostrils- Internal - nasal cavityNasal Cavity- Vibrissae: "nose hair"…present in first portion of nasal cavity- Boundaries:o -Roof: ethmoid/sphenoido -Floor: palatine, palate, maxilla- Conchae: protrude medially; function to increase surface area- Mucosal Linings:o -Olfactory mucosa: contains olfactory receptors; located on superior nasal conchao -Respiratory mucosa: rest of nasal cavity; contains mucous glands (lysozymes & defensins --> against bacteria); located on medially nasal concha & inferior nasal concha; *when irritated --> results in sneezing- Functions of Conchae & Mucosa: o -Inhale: warm/moisten/cleano -Exhale: reclaim heat/moistureParanasal Sinuses- Description: spaces in bones surrounding nasal cavity- Bones: sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, maxillary- Functions:1. Warm/moisten air2. Lighten skull- Headache?o -Drainage blocked --> air absorbed by bones --> creating a vacuum effectPharynx- Description: tube of skeletal muscle- Connects: nasal cavity/mouth to larynx/esophagus- Nasopharynx: air carrier; pseudostratified columnar epithelium; uvula & palate seals off nasopharynx when swallowing; pharyngeal tonsils; (auditory) pharyngeotympanic tubes present- Oropharynx: air/food carrier; stratified squamous epithelium (protection); lingual/palatine tonsils- Laryngopharynx: air/food carrierLarynx ("voice box")- Connects: laryngeopharynx to trachea; connected to hyoid bone- Functions:1. Maintains open airway2. Switching mechanism for food/air3. Voice production- Construction:o -Type= hyaline cartilageo -TC= thyroid cartilage, "Adam's apple"o -CC= cricoid cartilageo Arytenoid cartilageo Cuneiform cartilageo Corniculate cartilage- Epiglottis= elastic cartilageTrachea- Three Layers:o -Mucosa: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; goblet cells = produce mucouso -Submucosa: connective tissueo -Adventitia: includes trachea cartilage- Trachealis: tightens to constrict trachea; increases force of cough- Posterior Surface: soft at back to allow expansion of esophagus- Tracheotomy: form an opening in the trachea to allow airflowBronchi/Bronchioles- Carina: most inferior ring of cartilage of the trachea (last tracheal cartilage); highly embedded with neurons (if particle touches it --> cough)- Primary Bronchi: where first branching occurs- Secondary Bronchi: where second branching occurs- Tertiary Bronchi: where third branching occurs...- 23 orders of branching- Bronchioles: cuboidal epithelial tissue, complete smooth muscle, no cartilage- As branching increases, the amount of cartilage decreases while smooth muscle increases…psuedostratified columnar epithelium --> cuboidal