BIOL 320 1st EditionLecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Posterior Pituitary-Hypothalamic HormonesA. RegulationB. OxytocinC. Antidiuretic Hormonei. “Fun” with ADHII. Hypothalamic HormonesA. Release To?B. TargetC. RegulationD. Description of HormonesIII. Anterior Pituitary HormonesA. RegulationB. Description of HormonesIV. Thyroid GlandA. Location and StructureB. Thyroid HormonesC. Homeostatic ImbalancesV. Parathyroid GlandsA. Location and StructureB. Parathyroid HormoneC. Homeostatic ImbalancesOutline of Current Lecture VI. Adrenal GlandsA. Adrenal CorticosteroidsB. Homeostatic ImbalancesC. Stress ResponseD. DisordersVII. PancreasA. Cell Typesi. Targetii. EffectsB. Diabetes MellitusCurrent LectureAdrenal Glands- Structure (superficial to deep layers)o Capsuleo Zona glomerulosa Synthesizes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)o Zona fasciuclata Synthesizes glucocorticoids (cortisol)o Zona reticularis Synthesizes androgens or gonadocortioidso Adrenal medulla (not part of endocrine system…nervous) Synthesizes epinephrine and norepinephrine- Adrenal Corticosteroidso Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone- Affects: Na+ and HCO= reabsorption- Target: kidney tubules (distal parts)- Effects: retain Na+ so keep water…high blood pressure results…elimination of K+- Stimulus:o Drop in Na or increase in K in blood…causes zona glomerulosa to release aldosteroneo Decreased blood volume and/or blood pressure- Increased blood pressure or blood volume causes heart to release ANP…inhibits zona glomerulosa to release aldosterone- Stress induces hypothalamus to release CRH causing the anterior pituitary to release ACTH which causes zona glomerulosa to release aldosteroneo Glucocorticoids Cortisol- Stimulates gluconeogenesis- Mobilize fat (so that it can be used as energy)- Encourages breakdown of proteins (make new proteins from amino acids or used to make ATP)- Anti-inflammatory- Resistance to stress- Decrease immune function- Used in organ transplants to decrease immune function so that transplant will not be rejected…- Administering cortisol will decease CRH and ACTH levels due to negative feedback loopo Gonadocorticoids Testosterone (for example) Steroid hormone Pre-pubescent effects Synthesized in zona reticularis Come back in women after menopause…as primary reproductive hormone Hyper-secretion of gonadocorticoids would be more prevalent in women- Homeostatic Imbalanceso Addison’s Disease Low cortisol and low aldosterone Patient would present dehydration, hypotension, bronzing effect of the skino Cushing’s Disease Elevated levels of mainly cortisol Patient would present high blood glucose levels, muscle wasting, bone wasting, puffy(moon face), fat deposit on back of neck, super depressed immune system- Stress Responseo Short-term Nerve impulse stimulates adrenal medulla to release mainly epinephrine (some norepinephrine) Causes:- Increased heart rate- Increased blood pressure- Liver converts glycogen to glucose and release glucose to blood- Dilation of bronchioles- Changes in blood flow patterns leading to decreased digestive system activity and reduced urine output- Increased metabolic rateo Long-term Stimulates the ventral hypothalamus (CRH)  anterior pituitary (ACTH)  adrenal cortex (mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids) Causes:- Mineralocorticoidso Retention of sodium and water by kidneyso Increased blood volume and blood pressure- Glucocorticoidso Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energyo Increased blood glucoseo Suppression of immune system- Extra Info:o What is the basic difference between homeostasis and stress response? Homeostasis maintains natural levels Stress response resets/adjust to current demands outside of natural levelso Artificial corticoids: Examples: prednisolone acetate and dexamethasone Uses: dermatology, organ transplant, rheumatoid arthritis, ER for severe blood loss Potential Problems:- Iatrogenic Addison’s Disease: “physician-induced”…decreased cortisol and aldosterone levels- Disorderso Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Missing one or more enzymes needed for cortisol synthesis Genetic disorder of increased adrenal cell size Decrease cortisol  increase ACTH (no negative feedback)  stimulate growth of adrenal cortex  enlarged adrenals Result?- Accumulation of cortisol precursors which can be converted to testonerone Symptoms:- Ambiguous genitalia in girls- Enlarged penis in boys- Poor weight gain- Weight loss- Dehydration- Vomiting- Very early puberty- Rapid growth during childhood, but shorter than average final height- Irregular menstrual cycles in women- Infertility in women and meno Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Trigger: learning of/experiencing some devastating event Symptoms:- Re-experiencing event- Avoidance- Loss of interest- Lack of motivation- Poor concentration- Irritability- Insomnia Treatment:- Cognitive therapy- Exposure therapy- Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)- Medication (SSRIs…selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)- Group therapy- Family therapy- Psychodynamic psychotherapyPancreas- Descriptiono 99% exocrine (digestion)o 1% endocrine- Cell Typeso Alpha cells Produce glucagon Glucagon: increases glucose concentration in the blood- Target: liver (glycogen stores will be broken down)o Beta cells Produce insulin Insulin: decreases glucose concentration in the blood- Target: several (systemic almost)- Diabetes Mellituso “Overflow of honey”o Insulin imbalanceo Symptoms: Polyuria: increased urine formation Polydipsia: increased thirst Polyphagia: increased hunger…muscles are starving (need more fats and proteins)o Type I: Problem with insulin Not producing enough insulin Shots of insulin Untreated: would be a stressor so body would release cortisol (which would only stimulate more glucose in blood)…so deadlyo Type II: Not enough insulin produced or insulin receptors not working correctly Correlated with chronic high levels of insulin produced through lifetime Untreated: body go into using fatty acids and amino acids…producing ketone bodies which drops blood pH (ketoacidosis)o Gestational: Occurs to some women during some pregnancies Treated with regulated meals- Hypoglycemiao Too much insulino