DOC PREVIEW
TAMU BIOL 320 - Exam 3 Study Guide
Type Study Guide
Pages 12

This preview shows page 1-2-3-4 out of 12 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 12 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 12 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 12 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 12 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 12 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

BIOL 320 1st EditionExam 3 Study Guide: Lectures: 11 - 17Lecture 11Immune SystemUnderstand the functions of the immune system. Know the differences of innate defenses and adaptive defenses.Immune System- Functions:1. Defensive system protect body from invasion2. Repel pathogens3. Immediately respond to exposure-- Innate Defenses = born with; always present…don't develop with exposure to environment; "non-specific" defenses- Adaptive Defenses – 3rd line of defense = against specific foreign substances; take a bit longer to effecto A) Antigenso B) Cells of Adaptive Immune Systemo C) Humoral Immune Responseo D) Cell Mediated Immune Responseo E) Homeostatic ImbalanceLecture 12Innate vs. Adaptive Immune DefensesUnderstand the specific types of innate defenses (surface barriers and internal defenses). What makes adaptive defensives unique?Innate Defenses- Surface Barrierso Skino Mucous membraneo Ciliao Secretions: sweat, mucous, sebum, acids, saliva- Internal Defenseso Phagocytic mobilizationo Antimicrobial proteinAdaptive Defenses- Key Features:o 1) SPECIFICo 2) SYSTEMICo 3) MEMORY- Divisions:o 1) HUMORALo 2) CELLULAR- Functions:o 1) Immobilize, neutralize/destroyo 2) Amplify inflammatory responseo 3) Activates complementLecture 13Humoral and Cell-Mediated Responses of the Adaptive Immune SystemUnderstand the humoral and cell-mediated responses. What are the homeostatic imbalances discussed in class and their characteristics? What are the developmental aspects of the immune system?Humoral Immune Response- Antigen Challenge: first encounter between a foreign antigen and a naive immunocompetent cell- Location: spleen or other lymphoid organ (nodes)- If the lymphocyte is a B cell, then antibody production stimulated.- Stimulated B cell will undergo clonal proliferation…with same receptor for that foreign antigeno 1) Stimulated cell forms clones with same antigen-specific binding site/receptoro 2) Most clones become plasma cells (function: produce antibody)o 3) Some clones become memory cells (function: to mount immediate response on next encounter)Cell Mediated Immunity (when the problem is inside the cell)- T cells:o T4 or CD4 or Helper THo T8 or CD8 or Tcytotoxico Tsuppresor- Activation of Immunocompetent TC cells:- 1) Double recognition requiredo a) Class I or Class II MHC producedo b) Exogenous or Endogenous antigen- 2) Co-stimulation required [situation specifics]Homeostatic Imbalance- Immunodeficiency:o SCID (Severe Combined Immuno-Deficiency): genetic defect damages T&B cellso AIDS: virus damages helper T cells; susceptibility to disease, cancer- Autoimmune Disease:o Multiple sclerosis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupuso Cause: many…could be a problem with genetics and with the cells identifying selfcells- Hypersensitivity:o AllergiesDevelopmental Aspects- 9th Week: immune stem cells are already developed in spleen and liver- Stem cells from?: bone marrow- Lymphocytes?: bone marrow & thymus- Helper Ts?:o Born with T(H2)so Develop T(H1)s…develop with exposure in the environmentLecture 14Respiratory SystemWhat are the structures that make up the respiratory system? Understand the functions of the respiratory system.Respiratory System- Function = to supply tissues with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide- Respiration = Collective Processes:1. Pulmonary ventilation - move air in/out of lungs2. External respiration - gas exchange between lungs and blood3. Gas transport - moving gas from lungs to tissues, carried by blood4. Internal respiration - gas exchange between blood and target tissues- Respiratory Zone = parts of the lungs close to the alveoli (bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli)- Conducting Zone = rigid conduits through which air moves (all other respiratory structures)Respiratory Structures:- Nose- Nasal cavity- Paranasal sinuses- Pharynx- Larynx- Trachea- Bronchi/bronchiolesLecture 15Respiration the DetailsUnderstand how the forces acting on the lungs, the pressure relationships, and the process of breathing allow respiration to occur. Where does respiration (gas exchange) occur? Understand oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood.Breathing- Two stages:o -Inspire (Inhale)o -Expire (Exhale)- Pulmonary ventilation:o -Mechanical processo -Depends upon: volume changeso -Volume changes lead to: pressure changeso -Pressure changes lead to: mechanical moving of gas or airflowPressure Relationships- • Atmospheric pressure (Patm)o 760 mm Hg at sea level- • Respiratory pressures = relative to Patmo Negative respiratory pressure < Patmo Positive respiratory pressure > Patmo Zero respiratory pressure = Patm- • Intrapulmonary press. (Ppul) = Press. in alveolio Fluctuates w/ breathingo Always eventually equalizes w/ PatmForces Acting on Lungs- Forces promoting lung collapse:- -Elasticity of lungs- -Surface tension of alveolar surfactant- Forces promoting lung expansion:o -Elasticity of chest wallo -Low intrapleural space pressure- Pneumothorax: excess air in the intrapleural space- Hemothorax: excess/introduction of blood in intrapleural space- Pressure of inside the lungs is greater than the intrapleural space allowing you to breatheBoyle's Law- If volume increases, then pressure decreases.Oxygen Transport- Hemoglobin: carries 98.5% of oxygen- The rest: dissolved in plasma- Factors affecting Hb's affinity for oxygen:1. P (O2) - only 25% of bound oxygen is released from Hb; if more is needed, then released…HOW?2. Temperature - If temperature increases, then affinity of Hb for oxygen decreases3. Blood pH - If pH decreases, then affinity of Hb for oxygen decreases4. P (CO2) - If increased, then affinity decreases5. BPG (byproduct of glycolysis) concentration - If BPG increases, then affinity decreases6. Cigarette smoking - decreases number of binding sitesCarbon Dioxide Transport- CO2 is picked up in tissues & transported in blood in three forms:1. Bicarbonate ion in plasma (70%)2. Bound to Hb (20%)3. Dissolved in plasma (10%)- O2:1. Bound to Hb (98.5%)2. Dissolved in plasma (1.5%)- At lungs:1. Bicarbonate ions move into RBCs & bind with H+ --> carbonic acid2. Carbonic acid split by carbonic anhydrase --> CO2 + H203. CO2 diffuses from RBC to alveoliLecture 16Gas Exchange, Regulation of Breathing, & the Digestive SystemUnderstand the oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange. Be able to interpret and understand the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.


View Full Document

TAMU BIOL 320 - Exam 3 Study Guide

Type: Study Guide
Pages: 12
Documents in this Course
Load more
Download Exam 3 Study Guide
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Exam 3 Study Guide and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Exam 3 Study Guide 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?