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TAMU BIOL 320 - Renal & Water Balance
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BIOL 320 1st Edition Lecture 22Outline of Last Lecture I. Juxtaglomerular ApparatusII. Blood Pressure & Renal CirculationIII. Filtration MembraneIV. Mechanisms of Urine FormationV. Glomerular FiltrationVI. Glomerular Filtration RateVII. Intrinsic Controls of GFRVIII. Extrinsic Controls of GFRIX. Other Factor Affecting GFRX. Tubular ReabsorptionXI. Sympathetic Nervous SystemXII. Tubular SecretionXIII. UretersXIV. Urinary BladderOutline of Current Lecture XV. UrethraXVI. Developmental Aspects of Renal SysmtemXVII. Body Water ContentXVIII. Fluid CompartmentsXIX. Composition of Body FluidsXX. Water Balance & ECF OsmolalityXXI. Regulation of Water IntakeXXII. Regulation of Water OutputXXIII. Disorders of Water BalanceXXIV. EdemaXXV. Electrolyte BalanceCurrent LectureUrethra:-Function: to drain urine from bladder-Male vs. Female: male urethra is longer-Two sphincters: both internal and external (both sexes have)-Male urethra: three partsDevelopmental Aspects of Renal System- -Embryonic: three sets of kidneys (6), only one set developing by week 5- -Fetal: produced by third month- -Infants: small bladders, kidneys can't concentrate urine- -Childhood: voluntary urethral sphincter control develops with nervous system- -Urinary Tract Infections: 80% due to E. coli; STDs can inflame urinary tract- -Aging: kidney function declines; many elderly develop incontinence- -Congenital: horseshoe kidney (have notably higher infection rate…1 in every 500/600); hypospadius (male urethra is not at tip of penis); polycystic kidneys (abnormal development of collecting ducts --> urine-filled cysts --> renal failure)Body Water Content = function of age, body mass, gender, & body fat- -Infants: low body fat, low bone mass, high water content (73%)- -Healthy males: 60% water content- -Healthy females: 45-50% water content- -Old age: ~45%- -Throughout life: body water declines- -Females vs. Males: females have more fate less muscle; males tend to have more muscle mass- -Skeletal muscle: 65%- -Adipose tissue: 20%Fluid Compartments- -Intracellular fluid: - -Extracellular fluid:o --Interstitial fluido --Plasma volumeComposition of Body Fluids- -Water: "the universal solvent"- -Solutes:o --Non-Electrolytes: lipids, glucose, urea, creatinine (not charged)o --Electrolytes: inorganic salts, acids, bases, proteins- -Osmotic Power: electrolytes draw water more strongly than non-electrolytes; high osmolality draws water more strongly than low osmolality- Composition of compartment linked by blood plasma- Compartment exchange regulate by:- -Osmotic Pressure- -Hydrostatic PressureWater Balance & ECF Osmolality- -Water in: drink 60%, food 30%, metabolic 10%- -Water output: urine 60%, insensible 28%, sweat 8%, fecal 4%- -Increases in plasma osmolality trigger:- 1. Sense of thirst- 2. DrinkingRegulation of Water Intake- Thirst Mechanismo Decrease in plasma volumeo Increase in plasma osmolarityRegulation of Water Output- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)Disorders of Water Balance:1.Dehydration: water loss is greater than water ino -Ex: ECF loss from = severe burns, prolonged activity, diarrhea, vomiting, blood loss, diuretics, etc.…o -Extreme: can lead to weight loss, mental confusion, fevers, hypovolemic shock, etc…o -Activates compensatory mechanisms: ADH (keep water) & thirst (drink water)2.Hypotonic Hydration: o -Cellular over-hydration: "water intoxication"o -Causes: over-consumption of water, renal insufficiencyo -Consequences: metabolic disturbances especially neurons3.Hyponatremia: low blood sodium concentration; water flows into tissueso -Consequences: swelling of tissues (cerebral edema!)Edema- -Definition: atypical accumulation of fluid interstitially (tissue swelling)- -Caused by: increased fluid-flow out of blood stream and/or hindered return (blocked lymphatics)- -Factors that accelerate fluid loss: increased blood pressure, leaky capillaries, vessel blockage (local), incompetent venous valves, lack of circulation, congestive heart failure- -Hypoproteinemia: low plasma protein concentration; causes increased fluid-flow out of capillaries; results from liver damage, kidney damage, malnutrition- -May lead to: decreased blood pressure --> impaired circulationElectrolyte Balance- -Usually refers to: salt- -Salts are important for:1. Neural function2. Muscle function3. Secretory activities4. Fluid movements5. Membrane permeability- -Salts enter the body by: ingestion- -Salts are lost via:1. Urine2. Feces3. Sweat- -Central salt: sodium- -In extracellular fluid:1. 90-95% electrolytes = sodium2. Therefore, sodium = primary cation3. Therefore, sodium = exerts significant osmotic pressure- In plasma, sodium levels effect:1. Blood volume & pressure2. Interstitial & intracellular fluid- -Coupled to sodium transport: renal acid-base


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TAMU BIOL 320 - Renal & Water Balance

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