NSC 170C1 1st Edition Lecture 26 Outline of Last Lecture I Carbohydrates II Fat as Fuel III Foods to eat before during and after exercise A effects Outline of Current Lecture A A full term pregnancy lasts 38 42 weeks i 1st trimester conception to 13th week ii 2nd trimester 14th to 27th week iii 3rd trimester 28th to 42nd week B Zygote first 2 weeks after fertilization C Embryonic stage 3rd week to the 8th week D After the 8th week the developing baby Current Lecture I 1st trimester A Fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tube and implants in the wall of the uterus i Om donates X chromosome in mature egg ovum ii Dad donates either X or Y chromosome in sperm iii Fertilization combines the XX or the XY chromosomes B Development of organs limb buds facial features placenta C Embryos are extremely vulnerable to teratogens during this time D Critical periods of development i Cell tissue organ organ systems ii Development requires nutrients and environments iii Interruptions can cause permanent damage E Neural Tube defects i Nutrition related problem folate a Embryo neural tube CNS b Spina Bifida lower back c Anencephaly high up on spine baby with no brain baby can t survive F Placenta i Organ that develops inside the uterus as part of the fertilized egg ii Place where maternal and fetal blood circulate in close proximity and exchange materials iii Where fetus receives nutrients and oxygen iv Where mother s bloods picks up carbon dioxide and other waste material from fetus for her to excrete v Metabolically active organ a Produces enzymes b Hormones c Maintain pregnancy Estrogen Progesterone G Morning sickness can occur anytime during the day i Many women have cravings for specific foods during pregnancy ii Pica is the craving and consumption of nonedible items such as cornstarch clay dirt or baking soda iii First trimester does not require extra energy II 2nd Trimester A Continued development of organ systems B More than 10 inches of growth during the time C Fetus weighs more than 2 lbs by the end of the 2nd trimester D Blood i Increased in volume ii Increased RBC iii Decreased nutrient concentration E Kidney i Increased blood flow ii Increased clearance iii Nutrient content in urine F Gastrointestinal i Decreased motility ii Increases surface area iii Increased nutrient absorption G Uterus increased size and blood flow H Mammary increased blood flow and glandular growth I Adipose increased fat deposition J Immune system suppressed III 3rd Trimester A Time of considerable fetal growth B C D E IV Fetus gains 4 4 of its weight in this time Brain growth is also extensive Lungs become fully mature A balanced adequate diet for the mother is essential during this time Adequate weight gain supports the baby s growth A Healthy women gain an average of 27 5 pounds during pregnancy B Recommendation for weight gain during pregnancy i Are based on pre pregnancy weight ii Support a health birth weight of 6 5 to 8 5 pounds C Gaining excess weight is associated with increased likelihood of remaining overweight after pregnancy D Caloric needs are not increased during the first trimester however needs for some nutrients are increased E Weight gain i 1st trimester 0 13 weeks a 2 to 4 pounds ii 2nd trimester 14 27 weeks a 12 to 14 pounds iii 3rd trimester 28 40 weeks a 12 to 14 pounds iv TOTAL 26 to 32 pounds F 50 percent increase in needs for folate zinc and iron i Folate a A supplement and or folic acid fortified foods should meet needs ii Iron a Increased needs to make additional red blood cells and prevent anemia b Most women cannot meet iron needs during pregnancy with food alone so supplements are needs iii Zinc and Copper a I Iron can interfere with absorption so women taking more than 30 mg iron should also take 15 mg zinc and 2 mg copper b Zinc role in protein metabolism and DNA synthesis c Copper role in energy production connective tissue synthesis and the transport of iron G Vegetarians and vegans should be mindful of meeting needs for essential fatty acids and vitamin b12 during pregnancy H Many pregnant women fail to meet needs for calcium and vitamin D i Selecting milk as the beverage of choice is an excellent way to meet these needs ii Vitamins A and D can be toxic in high concentrations so it is important for pregnant women to consult with a health care provider to choose an appropriate prenatal supplement V VI Things pregnant women should avoid A The immune system is weakened during pregnancy so mother and baby are at greater risk for foodborne illness B The bacteria Listeria Monocytogenes may cause miscarriage premature labor low birth weight developmental problems or even infant death C Pregnant women should avoid raw or undercooked meats fish or poultry unpasteurized milk cheese and juices and raw sprouts D Smoking during pregnancy increases risk of a low birth weight baby prematurity and sudden infant death syndrome SIDS and may stunt long term growth E Even secondhand smoke can affect the health of a mom to be and her baby F Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome FAS and learning and behavioral disabilities G Illicit drugs can increase risk of miscarriage preterm labor low birth weight and birth defects After birth the baby may experience drug withdrawal symptoms H Caffeine can be passed to the fetus Pregnant women should limit caffeine to no more than 150 mg approximately 12 oz of coffee per day Pregnant women need to consume adequate calories carbohydrates and protein to support growth A An additional 340 calories daily are needed during the second trimester B Need a minimum of 175g carbohydrate per day C Protein needs increased 35 percent to about 71 grams daily D Pregnant women should aim to gain slightly less than one pound per week during the second trimester E An extra 450 calories daily are needed during the third trimester The growing baby exerts pressure on the mom s intestines and stomach which can cause heart burn VII VIII IX X F To minimize heartburn eat small frequent meals avoid spicy foods and avoid laying down after meals and snacks Daily exercise is important A Exercise during pregnancy can i Improve sleep ii Lower the risk of hypertension and diabetes iii Prevent backaches iv Shorten labor v Help women return to pre pregnancy weight more quickly after delivery B 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise on most days is recommended i Low impact activities pose less risk of injury to the mother or baby ii Pregnant women should