The Cold War Begins Divisions of Europe o How to deal with Germany o Potsdam Conference Truman attended Divided Europe o Berlin Divided up into four occupation zones Soviet Union Stalin dismembers a lot of factories in east Germany and has them shipped back to USSR Promises of democratic elections are subverted by communists soviets Communist receive positions in cabinet Minister of the Interior goal position if you re planning to take over Communists in this position o Iron Curtain Winston Churchill gives a speech at Westminster College in 1947 and says that an iron curtain is being stretched across Europe The spread of communism o Greek Civil War 1946 1949 o Containment George Kennan If you contain communism it will collapse on itself o Truman doctrine If a nation is threatened by communist overthrow from within or without that the United States will help sustain them through democracy The democracy thing becomes kind of optional Like Greece or Italy The reason a US aircraft carrier stopping in a country is to make a statement We d dock in Greece for like a week Throughout the Cold War we end up supporting some very bad people because they are not communist They may have dictators Support torture etc Not all military related but financial stability to help prevent communism o Marshall Plan George Marshall Counter insurgency US will extend funds to all nations in Europe even communist to help rebuild Particularly to West Germany Berlin Blockade June 1948 May 1949 o USSR wants the entire Berlin occupation zone o Cuts off land routes o USAF and British Royal Air Force supply the city by air for the entire year o 2 3 million tons of cargo o 30 USAF Airman killed o By 1949 the Soviets realize we can do this all day long so they lift the blockade Berlin occupied area o Until 1990 Berlin was an occupied area o It stayed an occupied territory so Britain US and France would stay North Atlantic Treaty Organization o NATO is formed in September 1949 o Nations with Nuclear Weapons and those without o A new German Army in 1954 Only nation that s fought the Soviets Come into NATO but not allowed to hold a nuclear weapon o Warsaw Pact If any communist nation is invaded by a non communist nation all communist nations will come to their aid Defense measures o Peacetime conscription o National Security Act 1947 War to defense USAF o NSC 68 Defend the Western Hemisphere Hold on for offensive forces Provide essential aid to allies April 12 2013 The Korean War 1950 1953 o 1949 China falls to communism o Occupational zones along the 38th parallel o US and USSR withdrawal in 1949 o North Korean aggression June 1950 NK begins to invade Task force Smith from Japan o Security Council US UK France Soviet Union and China Republic of China o The UN responds Soviet Union was boycotting UN meetings They all agree to condemn NK We suggest that all nations put in military to be led centrally by the UN and the US Douglas McArthur was leading the war o Too big for his own good Begins to make claims against communist China o Talks out against the President Congress etc o He said the china wouldn t get involved In fact they do and send us back to 38th parallel o Truman goes and fires him o Reserves and the National guard were activated which had never been done for a war before o Turkish took a lot of casualties and saved our ass Ethiopia sent troops South Africa Australia Luxemburg Britain etc o Truman desegregated the armed forces in 1947 o Chaplain Emil Kapaun Awarded the medal of honor Catholic chaplain Well known for being in the hot spots of the war to be support Volunteered to be captured to stay behind with the wounded Sent to a POW Convinced the Chinese to take them captive Escaped from the POW camp to get food for the starving troops and came back Easter morning held mass out in the open Stripped down caught pneumonia and eventually died o Armistice reached in 1953 We are going to stop shooting but there is no peace treaty To this day over 28 thousand troops in SK Up until 1978 US commanders were in control of SK armies The second red scare o Americans became obsessed with searching for communist spies o House Un American Activities Committee HUAC Senator Joseph McCarthy Attacked everyone Evidence o I have evidence that number of spies are working Then they d go on a witch hunt o They d search for anyone that possibly had connections or ties to communist or antifascist o Might get thrown in jail or black listed o McCarthyism Support was among blue collar Americans Used fear as a weapon to gain power Army Hearings 1954 o People did not go along with o Accusing people in the army of being communist o Looses all creditability and dies shortly after due to alcoholism Alger Hiss Worked in the state department instrumental in establishing the UN Prosecuted for perjury He said he was not communist under oath He petitioned Russia to tell America he wasn t a spy Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Worked on the Manhattan project Accused of passing secrets to the Soviets Tried convicted and executed Hard evidence that Julius passed information Not a spy Ethel was unjustly executed and did not participate Election of 1952 o Adlai Stevenson o Dwight Eisenhower Platform was to end the war Won the election easily Ends the conflict in Korea Was not interested in domestic affairs Wanted to do foreign policy Iran New Prime Minister takes over and wants to nationalize oil production in Iran o We don t want this to be an example to other countries Operation Ajax o CIA and British MI6 o Puts into power their own Shaw of Iran Suez Crisis 1957 Egypt President of Egypt wants to nationalize the Suez Canal o French British and Israelis against him US does not support o Britain ceases to become a world power like it was The no longer care about anything east of the Suez o Us becomes the prominent power of the West Lebanon 1958 15000 troops Peacekeeping mission Eisenhower doctrine o Any country threatened by a communist country we will help them o Instrumental in getting us involved in Vietnam
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