Exam I – History 106William CollopyFebruary 8, 2011American EmpireThe U.S. as an Emerging Global Empire19th Century: The Closing Decades- Depressions – 1873, 1893- Presidential timber?- Gridlocked legislative branch- State-level initiativesPopulism- Grange – agricultural people who came together to protest- National Alliance – grange forms into this, passes Ocala Platform- Ocala Platform (1890)- Populist Party (1892)People’s (Populist) Party – 1892- Governors in KS, ND- 10 Congressmen- 5 U.S. Senators- 1,500 state legislatorsRepublicans- New England- Protestant- Nativist leaning (not too crazy about people coming in from foreign countries andclaiming citizenship)- Prohibitionist (see evils of booze)- African-American support Republicanso Inclined to support Republicans because LincolnDemocrats- Cities- Irish, Italian, German- Catholic- Saloon patrons- Northern cities and the SouthQ: Eventually, where do 3rd party platform planks show up?A: Show up in two major partiesU.S. Focus- Internationalism- Monroe DoctrineImperial Powers- Britain- Germany- Spain- France- Japan – have interest in parts of China- Holland (Dutch)- Russia- BelgiumRequirements of an Empire- Support, manage, and defendAmerican Character- Noble idealism- Self-determination- Self-interestNash gives us “the four P’s”- Patriotism- Profits- Politics- Piety – predominantly “Christian” faith believe they could lift up other peoples of the world by bringing their faith to them“White Man’s Burden”- Euro-centric racism (people thinking of non-white people as less)- Duty to uplift lagging cultures (white civilization must lift up other sanctions of civilization)- Nobility of imperialism (noble with good intentions)Hawaii- Duty-free sugaro Could import in huge amounts- White planters’ vs. native Hawaiianso White settlers ran plantations (sugar & pineapple)- Republic of Hawaii – becomes a Republic when monarchy is thrown over- Annexed as territory to the U.S. in 1898Spanish American War – aka “Cuban-American War with Spain”Cuba- Spain’s colony- U.S. made investments in mining & sugar- Sensationalist newspaper reporters:o William Randolph Hearsto Joseph PulitzerMcKinley Takes Office (1897)- Endorsed:o Cuban Independenceo U.S. control of Hawaiio Believes in Isthmian canal eventually becomes Panama CanalPath to War in 1898- De Lome letter: letter about McKinley; offends the U.S.- U.S.S. Maine: U.S. ship in foreign port being sunkWar (April 1898)- Congress recognized Cuba- Authorized use of force- Teller Amendment – no annexation- Dewey at Manila – U.S. navy wins in PhilippinesNewsworthy- Theodore Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders”- U.S. forces seize Puerto Rico-John Hay: “splendid little war” (Secretary of State)Aftermath – U.S.-U.S. gives $20 million to Spain for Cuba-Cuba is independent now-Puerto Rico and Guam are territories of the U.S.-Philippine annexation (1899)Aftermath – Cuba-Platt Amendment (1901) o No treaties with third powers – U.S. wants some “say-so”o Financial restrictions o U.S. right of interventiono Guantanamo BayFilipino – American War-1899-1902-Emilio Aguinaldo-Brutal, murderous guerilla warfare-Strong racist elementRoosevelt Corollary- American intervention (we are “big kid on the block” and should be allowed to interfere and intervene)- Santo Domingo- Guatemala- NicaraguaEast Asia- “Open Door” policy with Chinao China is an “open market” and everyone has the opportunity to do business here- Rising powerso Russia & Japan“Abandon all hope, ye who enter here” -DanteFebruary 10, 2011Naval PowerIndustrialized Nations- Expanding manufacturing- Urbanization- Food imports- Raw material imports- Export marketsEmerging Commercial and Naval Powers- Germany- French- Russia- Japan- United StatesNaval Posture of U.S.- Navy in decline after the Civil War- Britain, France, Germany had larger, modern fleets- Vulnerable U.S. economic interests in Caribbean and PacificU.S. Vulnerabilities- Potential threats on three coasts- Interdiction of commerceo British blockadeo German blockadeo German Caribbean activityModern Surface Ships- Steel-hulled, armored- Steam-powered- Hydraulics and electricity- Long range guns- High explosive ordnanceCapt. Alfred Thayer Mahan, USN- The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)- Global commerce required naval forces- Naval forces required distant colonies for fueling, maintenance, and repair- Said England was a great example: England and its
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