HIST 106 2nd Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. T.R. and the modern presidencyII. Roosevelt and laborIII. Birth of the conservation movementIV. Corporate regulationV. Taft and the insurgentsOutline of Current LectureI. The 1912 electionII. Implementing new freedomIII. Expanding new freedomIV. Racism and progressivismV. African-American leaders organizeCurrent Lecture- The 1912 electiono Intro/contexto Background Woodrow Wilson-championed reforms and immediately began to campaign as progressive parties (which he did not like before)- Wanted regulated competition and the government’s job was to break up big businesses by anti-trust laws TR proposed a strong government and defended big businesses, saying that they were inevitable and healthy (nationalism)- Supported demands for social welfare (abolish child labor, workers compensation)- Proved unable to bring progressive democrats over to his side o New nationalism vs. New freedomo Results Wilson won an easy electoral college victory but did not have the popular vote The democrats stayed in congress so Wilson had a big advantage as he had his party in office while he was TR came in a close second and Taft came in a distant third- Implementing new freedomo Intro/context Gave out a ton of jobs and did a lot of compromising to help get his voteso Tariff Reform Wanted to reduce tariffs and forced through the Underwood-Simons tariff act (the first substantial reduction in tariffs since the Civil War) Also levied the first income tax (the 16th amendment)o The Fed. The federal reserve act created 12 regional federal reserve banks which although privately controlled were to be overseen by federal authorities o Anti-trust Wilson supported the anti-trust bills and helped take down big businesses but reversed himself when the big businesses opposed and opted for continuous regulation of trusts, not eliminating trustso Flip-flopper Created the FTC (federal trade commission) and it embraced the new nationalism’s emphasis on regulationo Consequences Further reform was unnecessary and Wilson refused to support women’s suffrage and legislation that would eliminate child labor Race relations-believed segregation and was in support of legislation for segregation in congress itself- Expanding new freedomo Intro/context Wilson had won in 1912 only because the republicans had split and when TR came back, he realized that he needed to gain TR’s supporters Flip-flopped again and now supported social reform Federal Farm-loan act-provided farmers with financial benefits (Wilson was the one who proposed this act but had previously rejected it multiple times)o Pro-labor, pro-government Wilson signed the Keening-Powet act prohibited interstate trade of products made by child laborers The Adamson act-established an 8-hour workday for railroad workers Wilson also promoted activist government when he appointed Louis Brandeis to the supreme court and this outraged conservatives because Brandeis was a Jew- Racism and progressivismo Intro/context 1900-10 million blacks mostly lived in the rural south after devastating floods ruined them and many decided to leave the rural life permanently In the cities, many took work in factories, railroads, and child caretakerso Jim Crow Legalized racism peaked after 1900 and Jim Crow laws segregated school and cemeteries Most labor unions excluded black workers 200,000 blacks migrated north in order to get out of the Jim Crow south o Jim Crow North? As immigration increased, the north also became more like the south in terms of segregation Immigrants competing with blacks shifted hatred from immigrants to blacks Segregation was not enforced by law but was enforced by custom and sometimessegregation was imposed by violenceo Prejudice at Every Turn Blacks lived in different districts, attended different schools, and were placed in different army platoonso Bigotry unleashed Smoldering racism sometimes exploded into violence Atlanta 1906-protesters murdered 25 blacks and burned down many black people homes Blacks who had economic aspirations angered whites and made them more likelyto be lynched Many white people paid to get postcards with pictures of the lynching to sell to people and authorities rarely intervened o Turning inward African Americans turned toward one another for support and black churches started popping up everywhere to provide a community for blacks A handful of black higher education institutions pushed forward o Progressives mixed record Many progressives found many institutions that helped African Americans Other progressives saw what was going on around them and kept quiet as they felt that blacks were part of the problemo Racial issues at the national level TR had a black in one of his national level jobs against the views of whites and had Booker T. Washington dine at the white house Under Wilson, segregation became rampant as he was not for equal rights - African-American leaders organizeo Intro/context Progressive ideals helped
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