HIST 1312 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. Roosevelt and Foreign Policya. The Good Neighbor Policyb. Roosevelt and IsolationismII. The Road to Wara. Roosevelt and American Neutralityb. The Battle for the Atlanticc. Facing Japand. Pearl HarborIII. America Responds to Wara. Japanese American Internmentb. A People at Work and WarIV. Waging World Wara. Halting the Japanese Advanceb. The Tide Turns in Europec. In the Perspective of the SoldiersV. Ending the Wara. Stresses Within the Grand Allianceb. Hitler’s DefeatThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Entering the Nuclear AgeOutline of Current Lecture I. The Cold War Beginsa. Truman and the Sovietsb. The Division of Europec. A Global PresenceII. The Korean Wara. The UN Responds to Communist Aggressionb. Seeking to Liberate North Koreac. Truman and Liberalismd. The 1948 ElectionIII. Cold War Politicsa. Electionb. The Second Red ScareCurrent Lecture: Truman and Cold War America, 1945-1952I. The Cold War Begins a. Truman and the Soviets - Truman and other American leaders identified two overlapping paths to peace: international cooperation and deterrence based on military strength. o Not all nations accepted the American vision for peace and stability. o The Soviets advanced opposing goals in Eastern Europe and were unwilling to allow an open political and economic system. o Truman confronted the Soviets for not fulfilling its Yalta promises and was less compromising with the Soviets than Roosevelt had been. o By early 1946, Truman was "tired of babying the Soviets." - The United States adopted the containment policy created by George F Cannon, an American ambassador for Moscow, to meet the Soviet threat head-on. o Containment policy- contain communism by keeping it where it is but not letting it spreado The fear of Soviet expansion quickly became a bipartisan issue.o Churchill warned of the Soviet threat in his "iron curtain" speech in 1946.  “Iron Curtain” speech- Warning that there was another threat besides the Nazis (now the Soviets). The “iron curtain” has fallenseparating Western and Eastern Europe, a free from a communist Europe. o Ideology and geography determined postwar credits and loans to Europe. b. The Division of Europe - Events in Europe assumed first priority for the United States as Communist forces pressured Greece and Turkey. o The Truman Doctrine offered help to those nations opposing Communism. o The Marshall Plan expanded the Truman Doctrine to all of Europe.  Marshall Plan- Named for secretary of state George C Marshall; he wanted congress to pass a relief bill to Europe to give tens of billions of dollars to Europe to rebuild the countries after the war. He does this to gain their friendship and to market American goods.o The Soviets were unwilling to participate and tightened their control over Eastern Europe. - The Soviets engineered a coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948 and installed a Communist government. - The Berlin Blockade of June 1948 heightened Cold War tensions between the United States and the USSR. o The Soviet goal was to force Western abandonment of West Germany orface losing Berlin. o The Berlin Airlif, which flew in supplies to support West Berlin, was a tremendous victory for the United States over the Soviets. o The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created in May 1949to defend Western Europe from Communist forces. c. A Global Presence - Asia, however, provided severe disappointments to U.S. foreign policy. o In China, a civil war led to Communist rule by 1949.  Maozedong lead the successful communist revolution; Chiang Kai-Schek, Zhou-Enlai also apart of it.  This shows that the containment policy isn’t workingo The Nationalist government fled to Formosa (Taiwan). o Many Americans complained that the Truman administration was "too soft" on Communism. - The Soviet Union detonated its own atomic bomb in August 1949. o NSC 68 (Most important national Security Council directive in history) called for global containment and a massive military buildup so that the United States could adequately defend itself against the growing Soviet threat.o Truman hesitated to implement the report’s recommendations, but North Korea’s invasion of South Korea helped change his mind on the issue. II. The Korean War a. The UN Responds to Communist Aggression - Although U.S. public opinion supported intervention in Korea, there was no World War II - like rush to arms. o By 1950, North Korean forces occupied most of South Korea. o Douglas MacArthur came up with the attack plan. His plan was to attacked at Inchan, the capital of South Korea with 70,000 Americans. The president’s joint chiefs thought MacArthur’s plan was too high risk but MacArthur said that if they wanted him to make the plan then they have to use the one he had already made. o The plan ended up working and the Americans chased the North Koreans to the border. The Americans crossed the border but then the Chinese begin crossing the bridges bordering China and North Korea. MacArthur wanted to blow the bridges to stop them but that involved bombing China which would create a war with China and the Soviet Union. For this reason the state department said no. Eventually MacArthur blows the bridges but by that point many Chinese have crossed. o MacArthur takes Piong Yang (N. Korea capital) but the Chinese began chasing the Americans back to S. Korea. This becomes a stalemate at border (38th parallel). MacArthur wanted to begin bombing the China because there were too many Americans dying and it wasn’t worth it. Ofcourse this was denied due to the war it would cause. Truman fired MacArthur and the Korean War became a stalemate for about 5 years. o The war finally ends when Eisenhower brings back MacArthur for adviceand he says that he should threaten to nuke if the war doesn’t end. It worked.b. Seeking to Liberate North Korea - According to Truman and MacArthur, restoring prevailing conditions prior to theinvasion was no longer enough for the United States o They now wanted to unify the peninsula under South Korea, and an invasion seemed safe. o An overconfident MacArthur, however, violated his commander-in-chief’s orders. o MacArthur moved forces to within a few miles of Yalu. o Within three weeks, the Communists had shoved UN forces back to the