c. Main critiquesd. Populism and Presidential Electionsa. Definition of Liberalism:Although many historians speak of a Progressive "movement," we should really think of Progressivism as an umbrella, under which a variety of reform groups and champions of liberalism gathered. So, any discussion of Progressivism should begin with the meaning of "Liberalism" at the beginning of the twentieth century:b. "Definition" of Progressivismc. Types of Progressive Reform and Goalsd. Origins of Progressive Thought and ActionHIST 1312 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Social MannersII. Women, Feminism and Sex in Progressive AmericaIII. The Great Migration: Blacks in White AmericaIV. White Attitudes and “Scientific Racism”Outline of Current Lecture I. Populisma. The Rise of Populismb. Other Farmer Alliancesc. Main Critiquesd. Populism and Presidential ElectionsII. The Age of Progressivisma. Definition of Liberalismb. Definition of Progressivismc. Types of Progressive Reform and goalsd. Origins of Progressive Thought and ActionCurrent Lecture: The Rise of Populism and ProgressivismI. Populisma. The Rise of PopulismThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Beginning in the 1870s, worsening conditions in rural America caused many people to abandon their farms. - At the same time, changes in farming practices and the agricultural marketplace made farmers more dependent on commercial decisions made by big-city businessmen. - In reaction to these trends, farmers began to take political action that led to the emergence of the national Populist movement in the 1890s.- Made unions because the farmers depended on bankers, retailers and lawyers who were taking advantage of the farmers. By the farmers organizing they could try and take back controlb. Other Farmer Alliances1. Farmers and Laborers' Union of America was a regional association in the Southwest. By 1890, it had 3 million members. 2. Northwest Farmers' Alliance began in Chicago and spread throughout the Midwest. By 1890, it had 2 million members. 3. Colored Farmers National Alliance addressed the needs of African-American farmers in the Southand in the Midwest. By 1890, it had between 1 and 1.5 million members. - These three groups held a convention in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1889, but they were unable to overcome regional differences and form a national organization. - In the elections of 1890, however, southern farmers allied with local Democrats, while Midwestern farmers formed their own local parties which became known as "People's Parties." - Mary Elizabeth Lease, a Kansas farmwoman, was one of the Populist orators who traveled throughout rural America trying to whip up support for pro-farm candidates in the election of 1890.c. Main critiques - The American legal system placed too much emphasis on property rights o If the farmers missed a payment they will get foreclosed on. The farmers wanted understanding from the bankers and retailers of their situation and dependency on unpredictable events like the weather- Monopolies were an economic and social evil - Social Darwinism & laissez-faire were bankrupt ideologies o Farmers were necessary for the food supply but couldn’t get help from the government- Industrial society had turned individuals into economic commodities - Wealth was unevenly distributed d. Populism and Presidential Elections- William Jennings Bryan was nominated for president by both the Democrats and the Populists in 1896. o At the 1896 Democratic national convention, Bryan delivered the "Cross of Gold" speech, which called for unlimited coinage of silver. o He held that government should protect individuals and the democratic process against the growing power of monopolies. o Bryan lost to the Republican candidate, William McKinley, who ran on a platform of "prosperity for all." o He was considered the champion for farmers but lost 3 times- Sherman Anti-Trust Act- 1st federal attempt to regulate big businesso Created under Harrisono Later became crippled in U.S. vs. E.C. Knight and Co.- Sherman Silver Purchase Act o Created under Harrisono Intended to put an end to the silver coinage problem by minting all the silver presented to U.S. mints. o This was a federal move to make the country bi-metallic. Later causes the depression of 1893.- Grover Cleveland’s dilemmao Major depression going on and the government knew the problem behind the depression.o Cleveland became the scapegoat for the Bank Panic of 1893 and the depression.o Made an attempt to curtail the depression by enacting Tariff reduction legislation.o Eventually caused the Democratic Party to split.o In the election of 1894 the Republicans gain control of the house and the senate and Cleveland will be the last Democratic president until the election of 1912 where Wilson becomes president due to a republican split.II. The Age of Progressivism- Historians often describe the Progressive movement as the urban counterpart to Populism. o Although the two movements shared some characteristics, they also had some important differences. - Progressivism found support among small businessmen, professionals, and middle-class urban reformers, in contrast to the disgruntled farmers who fueled the Populist movement. a. Definition of Liberalism:- Although many historians speak of a Progressive "movement," we should really think of Progressivism as an umbrella, under which a variety of reform groups and champions of liberalism gathered. So, any discussion of Progressivism should begin with the meaning of "Liberalism" at the beginning of the twentieth century:1. Government should be more active and can do good2. Social problems are susceptible to government legislation and action – the government should act to protect the people3. Throw money at the problem b. "Definition" of Progressivism- Progressives themselves were never a unified group with a single objective or set of objectives. Instead, they had many different, and sometimes contradictory goals, including: 1. End to "white slavery" (prostitution and the sweat shops) Long hours in bad conditions with low pay and doesn’t lead anywhere career-wise2. Prohibition – in favor of making alcohol illegal3. "Americanization" of immigrants  They should speak English, have assimilation to the American culture (what makes Americans American,