FBICH 410 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture - Mutant Hemoglobin- CarbohydratesOutline of Current Lecture - Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and polysaccharideso Sugars are conformationally variable- pyransoe can assume either chair or boat conformation but the most stable/predominant is when all bulky substituents occupy equatorial positions The only sugar that can simultaneousl have all bulky non-H substituents in equatorialposition is Beta-2 glucose - C2 epimer of glucose= mannose- C4 epimer of glucose= galactose- Sugars can be derivitizedo Oxidation: principle modification- reducing sugars causes something else to be reduced and the sugar to be oxidized Aldehydealdonic acid or –onate ie gluconate PRIMARY ALCOHOL Uronic acid or urinate Oxidation of bothaldaric acid or –arate ie glucarateo Reduction- make sugar alcoholso Esterification- hydroxyl groups of alcohols can react with acids to produce esters (phosphorylated form) Have to be able to draw sugar phosphates (remove –OH and add OPO32-o Amino DERIVATIVES- replace OH with amino group OH down= alpha OH up= beta Alpha-D-glucosamine—OH replaced by NH2 Sialic acids- derivative of mannose receptor for proteins specifically a receptor for the influenza virus Sugars are energy source and information source- Glycosidic bondo Glycoside- carb in which the OH of the anomeric C is replace by ORo Those derived from furanose are furanosides; derived pyranoses are pyranosideso Hemiacetal and alcohol condense to form acetal and hemiacetalo Can be N- or O- glycosidic bondo If given alpha-D glucopyranosyl (14)D-glycopyranose must be able to draw- Disaccharideso Must be able to draw sucrose, lactose, cellobiose, lactose, maltoseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o The only Beta bond we can digest is lactose because we have lactase which hydrolyzes beta linkages but only from gal to glu We cant hydrolyze cellulose’- Polysaccharideo Homopolysaccharide- storage polysaccharide: starch and glycogen- both are polymers of alpha-D glucose Glycogen is storage polysaccharide of animals Starch is principal food reserve for plants 2 types: alpha-amylose and amylopectin- Alpha-14 forms a spiral like structure- Amylopectin- branch every 24-30 residues- Glycogen- branch every 8-12 residueso Structural polysaccharides: cellulose and chitin- both are polymers of Beta-D –Glucose Cellulose primary component of plant cell wall- linear polymer not branched - bacteria break down beta cellulose in horses that cant be broken down in humans Chitin- principal structural component of exoskeleton of invertebrates- Chitin is homopolymer of B(14) linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues- Three types: alpha- arranged parallel, beta- arranged antiparallel, gamma- arranged 2 parallel and 1 antiparallelo Heteropolysaccarides (GAG)- glucosaminoglycans form a gel like matrix that occupies the extracellular spaces Glucosaminoglycans are unbranched polysaccharides consisting of alternating uronicacid and hexosamine residues- Assume extended conformational solution- Glucosaminoglycans have protection function- GAGs provide: viscosity, adhesiveness, tensile strengtho Heparin- anti-coagulento Chondroitin-sulfate: cartilage and tendons- most prevalent GAGSo Hyaluronate- synovial fluid- body joints only GAG not sulfonateo Dermatin sulfate- found in skin, blood vesselks, tendons, lungs- bring fluid to tissueo Keratin structure- tissue hydration carrier Heteropolysaccharides glycoconjugates- rarely found by self- Varied in composition, length, and function- Polysaccharides can function as information carriers In most cases, covalently attached to either proteins or lipids- glyconjugated- Peptidoglycans= major part is oligosaccharide- Proteoglycans- major part is oligosaccharide- Glycoproteins- major part is protein- Glycolipids- major part is lipido Membrane lipids where hydrophilic head groups are