BIOL 3510 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I Energy Storage II Free Energy III Metabolism IV Active Carriers Outline of Current Lecture I Terms of Metabolism II Stages of Metabolism III Glycolysis IV The Citric Acid Cycle Current Lecture Oxidation is the loss of electrons Reduction is the gain of electrons In cells usually also includes a loss gain of an H ion Metabolism is the sum total of the chemical reactions of biomolecules in an organism Cellular Metabolism Where it Occurs 1 Breakdown of macro molecules into subunits extracellularly or in lysosomes 2 Breakdown of subunits into acetyl CoA which produces ATP and NADH cytoplasm and mitochondria 3 Breakdown of acetyl CoA to H20 and CO2 which produces lots of ATP mitochondria Stage I Digestion extracellular and in lysosomes Enzymes needed for diguestion are kept from the cytosol of a cell Proteins amino acids Polysacchiarides sugars Fats fatty acids and glycerol Stage II Glycolysis produces 2 ATPs and 2 NADHs cytoplasm 1 Glucose activation uses 2 ATP 2 During energy harvest pyruvate is made generates 4 ATP and 2 NADH These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Glycolysis requires 10 steps and 10 enzymes When O2 is not present anaerobic cells use fermentation to regernate NAD 1 Microorganisms do alcoholic formation 2 Microoganisms and cells of aerobic organisms do lactate fermentation Pyruvate and fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria matrix Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the transformation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the matrix generating NADH in the process Beta oxidation breakdown of fatty acyl CoA to generate acetyl CoA FADH2 and NADH In the matrix acetyl CoA is oxidized by the citric acid cycle to produce CO2 and activated carrier molecules 1 Acetyl CoA 2C combines with oxaloacetate 4C to create citrate 6C 2 Citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate producing 2 Co2 3 NADH GTP and FADH2 in the process Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediates are building blocks for other molecules Gluconeogensis is the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate Control point phosphofuctokinase glycolysis and fructose 1 6 bisphophatase gluconeogenesis
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