BIOL 3510 1st Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I. Intro to Cell CycleII. G1 PhaseIII. Control of S PhaseIV. ProphaseV. PrometaphaseOutline of Current Lecture I. TelophaseII. Body and Organ RegulationIII. Bcl2IV. Extracellular Signals Current LectureAurora kinase B detects tension and promotes kinetochore microtubule stability. Anaphase begins with the separation of sister chromatids; mediated by the anaphase promoting complex (APC). Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite spindle poles during anaphase A and anaphase B. Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite spindle poles during anaphase A and anaphase B. Telophase- Mitotic spindle disassembles- Nuclear envelope reassembles- Chromosomes decondenseCytokinesis divides the cytoplasm and ends M phase. In animal cells, cytokinesis is mediated by a contractile ring (actin and myosin filaments). Forms perpendicular to the long axis of the spindle during anaphase. Contractile ring assembly is mediated by the GTPase RhoA.Cytokinesis is completed after telophase. In plant cells, the phragmoplast (derived from the interpolar microtubules) assembles the dividing cell wall.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.The rest of the organelles?- Mitochrondria and chloroplasts: randomly partitioned during cytokinesis- ER: intact ER is cleaved in two during cytokinesis- Golgi apparatus: fragments and associates with spindle microtubules- Other proteins: randomly partitioned duing cytokinesisBody and organ size is regulated by:- Cell growth- Cell division- Cell deathCell necrosis is when injury causes cell swelling.Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Apoptotic cells are engulfed by phagocytic cells. Apoptosis is mediated by the caspase family of proteases.Cleavage (activation) of other caspases amplifies the apoptotic signal.Bcl2 family proteins both promote and inhibit apoptosis.- Bax and Bak promote apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c from mitochondria- Bcl2 inhibits apoptosis from inhibiting Bax and Bak- Bad promotes apoptosis by blocking Bcl2 activityCells in multicellular organisms receive extracellular signals that regulate cell survival, division, and growth1. Survival factors – promote cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis2. Mitogens – promote cell division3. Growth factors – promote cell growth, an increase in cell size and massSurvival factors inhibit apoptosis. Survival factors are released by target cells and mediate neuron survival.Mitogens promote cell division by causing entry into S phase. Examples of mitogens include platelet-derived growth factors that promote growth repair and hepatocyte growth factor that promotes liver celldivision.Growth factors promote an increase in cell size and mass.Other extracellular signals inhibit cell growth, survival, and/or proliferation.Myostatin inhibits the growth and proliferation of
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