BIOL 3510 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I. Energy StorageII. Free EnergyIII. MetabolismIV. Active CarriersOutline of Current Lecture I. Terms of MetabolismII. Stages of MetabolismIII. GlycolysisIV. The Citric Acid CycleCurrent LectureOxidation is the loss of electrons. Reduction is the gain of electrons. In cells, usually also includes a loss/gain of an H+ ion. Metabolism is the sum total of the chemical reactions of biomolecules in an organism. Cellular Metabolism & Where it Occurs1. Breakdown of macro molecules into subunits (extracellularly or in lysosomes)2. Breakdown of subunits into acetyl CoA which produces ATP and NADH (cytoplasm and mitochondria)3. Breakdown of acetyl CoA to H20 and CO2 which produces lots of ATP (mitochondria)Stage I: Digestion (extracellular and in lysosomes)- Enzymes needed for diguestion are kept from the cytosol of a cell- Proteins -> amino acids- Polysacchiarides -> sugars- Fats -> fatty acids and glycerolStage II: Glycolysis produces 2 ATPs and 2 NADHs (cytoplasm)1. Glucose activation (uses 2 ATP)2. During energy harvest, pyruvate is made (generates 4 ATP and 2 NADH)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Glycolysis requires 10 steps and 10 enzymes. When O2 is not present (anaerobic), cells use fermentation to regernate NAD+1. Microorganisms do alcoholic formation.2. Microoganisms and cells of aerobic organisms do lactate fermentationPyruvate and fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria matrix. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the transformation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the matrix generating NADH in the process. Beta oxidation: breakdown of fatty acyl CoA to generate acetylCoA, FADH2, and NADH. In the matrix, acetyl CoA is oxidized by the citric acid cycle to produce CO2 and activated carrier molecules. 1. Acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to create citrate (6C)2. Citrate is converted back to oxaloacetate producing 2 Co2, 3 NADH, GTP, and FADH2 in the processGlycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediates are building blocks for other molecules. Gluconeogensis is the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate. Control point: phosphofuctokinase (glycolysis) and fructose 1, 6 bisphophatase
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