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UNT BIOL 3510 - Chloroplasts
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BIOL 3510 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. Parts of the MitochondriaII. Types of Electron CarriersIII. OxidationOutline of Current Lecture I. Parts of the ChloroplastII. PhotosystemsIII. Charge SeparationIV. Noncyclic PhotophosphorylationV. Carbon Fixation in the StromaVI. Uses of Glyceraldehyde 3-phophateCurrent LectureChloroplasts contain light-capturing pigments called chlorophylls and perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis creates organic molecules from CO2 using energy derived from light.Parts of the Chloroplast- Outer membrane: highly permeable- Intermembrane space: composition similar to the cytosol- Inner membrane: less permable- Stroma: space enclosed by the inner membrane, contains metabolic enzymes, chloroplast genomes and ribosomes- Thylakoid: third membrane (contains photosystems, ETC, and ATP synthase) and the space it enclosesThe outer membrane, intermembrane space, and the inner membrane are part of the chloroplast envelope. Chloroplast genomes are larger than mitochondrial genomes. The equation for photosynthesis is light + CO2 + H2O  sugars + O2 + heatInteraction with photons of light energy raises the energy of chlorophyll electrons. Chlorophyll associates with proteins in photosystems in the thylakoid membrane.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Photosystems have two parts:- Antenna complex: chlorophyll molecules capture light energy (in high energy e-) and funnels the energy to a reaction center- Reaction center: contains a special pair of chlorophyll molecules that accepts energy from the atenna complex and transfers one high energy e- to an e- acceptor.Charge Separation1. The special pair donates an e- to an electron carrier and it enters the e- transport chain2. The special pair accepts an e- from a nearby donorNoncyclic Photophosphorylation- The special pair in photosystem II donates e- to an e- transport chaino Lost e- replaces by the splitting of water- The special pair in photosystem I donates e- to an e- transport chaino Lost e- is replaced by the e- donated by photosystem II- E- are added to NADP+ by ferrodoxin NADP-reductase to make NADPHElectron flow generates an H+ gradient (which is used to make ATP) and NADPH.H2O is the source of electrons moving through the chloroplast electron transport chain.ATP synthase generates ATP using energy derived from the flow of H+ down its electrochemical gradient into the stroma.Chloroplasts can generate ATP only. Cyclic phosphorylation: electrons from photosystem I are transferred to the cytochrome b6-f complex instead of NADP+Carbon Fixation in the Stroma- ATP and NADPH generated by the light reactions are used to convert CO2 into sugar- Addition of CO2 to ribulose 1, 5 biphosphate is catalyzed by rubisco- The net gain of the carbon fixation cycle is 1 moleculee of glyceraldehydes 3-phosphateUses of glyceradehyde 3-phosphate:1. Converted to starch in the stroma (energy storage for later)2. Transported to the cytoplasm and converted to other metabolites (including sucrose – energy transport)3. Transported to the cytoplasm and converted to pyruvate via glycolysis (energy consumption). Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle in the plant mito.Endosymbiont hypothesis: origin of mitochondria, and origin of


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UNT BIOL 3510 - Chloroplasts

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