PSYCH 105 Lecture 2 Ch. 1 Brief History & Research MethodsOutline of Current Lecture I. The Various PerspectivesII. Psychiatrist vs. PsychologistIII. The Scientific MethodIV. PseudoscienceV. EthicsCurrent LectureI. The Various Perspectiveso The Biological Perspective Physical basis of behavior Neuroscience (brain and nervous system) Focus at levels as small as a single cello The Psychodynamic Perspective Psychodynamic Theory of Personality- Conscious Mind: Currently aware of Accessible memories, thoughts, perceptions- Unconscious Mind: Unaware, suppressed desires, emotions- Source of motivation (Freud-sexual) Preconscious Mind: Thoughts and emotions that aren’t repressed, but notcurrently conscious Ego: Visible surface of personality, what you show society Superego: A part of a person’s mind that relates to attitudes about what isright and wrong and to feelings of guilt ID: A part of a person’s unconscious mind that relates to basic needs and desireso The Behavioral Perspective Watson, Pavlov, Skinner How behavior is acquired and modified through experience and environmento Humanistic Perspective Based on Maslow and Rogers What makes a human, human?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Conscious, sum of parts, goal-oriented, creativity Constructed like food pyramid (starting from the bottom):- Physiological Needs: Food, water, air, shelter, sex, sleep- Safety and Security- Love and Belongingness- Self-Esteem- Self-Actualizationo The Positive Psychology Perspective Focus on the optimal functioning of people Counterbalance traditional emphasis of disorders Topics also include optimism, creativity, resilience, character strengthso The Cognitive Perspective Focus on mental process, memory, perception, language, problem solving, etc. Computer as model for informationo The Cross-Cultural Perspective Emphasizes diversity of behavior across cultures Individualistic culture- Emphasize needs and goals of individuals Vs. collectivistic culture: emphasize needs and goals of the groupo The Evolutionary Perspective Based on Darwin Principles of evolution explain psychological processes Adaptive characteristics are perpetuated by natural selectionII. Psychiatrist vs. Psychologist Psychiatrist:- Clinician, research- M.D. or D.O.- Diagnosis, treatment, causes and prevention of psychological disorders- Emphasize biological factors Psychologist- Many areas of work- Ph.D. or Psy.D.- Diagnosis, treatment, causes and prevention of psychological disorders Goals of Psychological Sense- Describe- Explain- Predict- ControlIII. The Scientific Methodo Science is based on empirical evidence or evidence that is the rest of objective observation, measurement and experimentation Formulate a hypothesis Design a sudy Analyze data Report resultso Step 1: Formulate a Hypothesis Hypothesis: tentative relationship that describes 2 or more variables Variable: Factor that can vary or change in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified Independent variable: variable manipulated by the researcher Dependent variable: variable that’s measured for changes or differences Analyze: People will dance to Daft Punk more than they will dance to KatyPerryo Step 2: Design a Study/Collect Data Descriptive methods: systematic observation of behaviors in order to describe the relationship among behaviors and events- Ex: Naturalistic observation, surveys, case studies, correlation studies Experimental Methods- Used to show one variable causes change in another variable Descriptive Research Methods: - Naturalistic Observationo Naturalistic Observation: systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural settings- Case Studieso Case Study: Intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals- Surveyso Surveys: Questionnaires/interviews designed to investigateopinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular groupo Sample: segment of group or population Representative Sample: Closely parallels the sampleo Sample: A segment of a group or population Representative Sample: Closely parallels the sample- Random selection: Subjects are selected randomly from a larger group in such a way that each group member has an equal chanceof being included- Correlational Studies: Research strategy that allows precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are to each other- Correlation coefficient: Numerical indicator of the strength of the relationship (always between -1.0 and 1.0) The Experimental Research Method:- Used to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between changes in one variable and the effect that is produced on another; cause and effect.- Researcho Descriptive (for observing and describing behavior) Naturalistic Observation Surveys Case Studies Correlational Studieso Experimental (for cause and effect relationships)o Experimentso Step 3: Analyze Data/Draw Conclusions Statistics: Mathematics used to analyze, summarize, and draw conclusionsabout data Statistically Significant: Results are not likely to have occurred by chanceo Step 4: Report the Findings Publish Findings:- Rationale for testing hypothesis- Who participated?- How were participants selected?- How are variables defined?- What procedures or methods were used? - How was the data analyzed?- What do these results suggest?o Building a Theory Theory: A tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for therelationship of various findings and observationso Different from a hypothesis! Hypotheses are questions/predictions, Theories integrate existing literature…- Unlike PSEUDOSCIENCE!!IV. Ethicso APA Ethical Principles: Informed Consent and Voluntary Participation Students as research participants The use of deception Confidentiality of information Information about the study and