PSYCH 105 Lecture 4Outline of Current Lecture I. Who Cares?II. PharmacologyIII. How Drugs Alter Synaptic TransmissionCurrent LectureI. Who Cares?- 100,000,000 neurons- Connections determine how brain functionso Impulsivity, learning, hallucinationso Hallucinations: hyperactive areasII. Pharmacology- Acetylcholine (ACh)o First NT discovered!o Peripheral and central nervous systemo Learning, memory, arousal, REM sleep, sensory, reward, attention, and any kind of muscle contractionso Can be excitatory or inhibitoryo Alzheimer’s Disease: decreased ACh- Dopamine (DA)o Major role in reward-motivated behavioro Addictive drugs (increase DA)o Motor Control (Parkinson’s decrease DA)o Attention (ADHD decrease DA)o Analgesia (increase DA)o Psychosis, Schizophrenia (increase DA)- Serotonin (5-HT)o Mediates movements of the gut and appetite, temperature regulationo Emotion regulation, sleep, aging, learning, and memoryo Sensory perceptiono Psychedelicso Depression?- Norepinephrine (NE)o Also called Noradrenalineo Cognitive arousal, respond to stressThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Sympathetic nervous system, heart contractionso Increased blood flow and brain’s oxygen supplyo Synthesized from Dopamineo Learning, memory- Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)o Usually acts as an inhibitory NTo Hyperpolarized, decrease the excitability of neuronso Regulates muscle toneo Too much can impair learning, motivation, and movemento Too little can cause seizures- Endorphinso Opiate receptorso Alleviate pain, produce euphoriao Endogenous morphine, (Endorphins)o Endorphins are 100x more potent than morphine Released in response to pain/traumao Endorphins released with aerobic exerciseNeurotransmitter Primary RoleAcetylcholine (ACh) In PNS and CNS, muscle control, memory, reward, usually excitatoryDopamine Reward system, pleasure, motivation, attentionSerotonin (5-HT) Mood, appetite, sensory perception, pain regulation, sleepGABA Usually inhibitory, decreases the excitability of neuronsNorepinephrine Fight or flight response, cognitivearousal and functionEndorphins Analgesia, euphoriaGlutamate Most common excitatory NT in the brainIII. How Drugs Alter Synaptic Transmission:- Agonist: Mimic the effects of NTs naturally found in the brain- Antagonist: Block the brain’s NTs- L-Dopa: for Parkinson’s disease. Helps synthesize more dopamine- Amphetamines: going to release more dopamine- SSRI: used for depression- Cannabinoids: THC, andoginous cannabinoids, act on presynaptic neurons- Naloxone: given to people experience morphine/heroine OD. Controversial but able to stop overdose from