PSYCH 105 Lecture 3Outline of Current Lecture I. Ethics? What are those?II. Neuroscience and BehaviorIII. The NeuronIV. Synaptic Transmission: A Love StoryV. PharmacologyCurrent LectureI. Ethics? What are those?- An Institutional Review Board or IRB is responsible for looking out for the well-being of human subjects- The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee or IACUC is responsible for the well being of animal subjects- APA Ethical Principles:o Informed Consent and Voluntary Participationo Students as research participantso The use of deceptiono Confidentiality of informationo Information about the study and debriefingII. Neuroscience and Behavior- Neuroscience: Scientific study of nervous systemo Other contributions to field may come from biology, physiology, genetics, and neurologyIII. The Neuron- Neuron: highly specialized cell that communicates information in electrical and chemical form, a nerve cell- They’re kind of like tiny monsterso Nucleus (eye or “I”): contains unique genetic informationo Soma (body): Processes nutrients and provides energy to the neuron!o Axon (leg and foot): Long fluid-filled tube that “kicks out” or carries a neuron’s messages to other areaso Dendrites (arms and hands): Extend from the cell body and “catch” or receive information from other neurons and cellso Myelin Sheath (socks): White, fatty covering wrapped around some axons that increase speed of communicationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.IV. Synaptic Transmission: A Love Story- Synapse: The point of communication between neurons- Pre-synaptic neuron (Ron): The neuron sending a message- Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron; can be excitatory or inhibitory- Post-Synaptic Neuron (Ronda): The neuron receiving the information- Synaptic Cleft/Gap: Tiny space between the axon terminal of presynaptic neuron and dendrite of post synaptic neuron- Vesicles: Package and release neurotransmitters (message)- Ion Channels: Open and close to permit the flow of ions- Receptors: Receive particular neurotransmitters and determine how the neuron will respond- Stimulus Threshold:o Point at which enough stimulation is present to activate an action potential- Refractory Period:o Point at which the neuron repolarizes to reach resting potential again- Once Ron sends a message (NT) to ronda, his message goes to her inbox (receptors)- Now that she has the message, she needs to decide if his message excites her or not- If excited, she will take action by producing an action potential and release her own message (NT). If not, she will inhibit any release- This depends on what the message says (the type of NT) and the inbox for the message (the type of receptors)- Reuptake: After neurotransmitters have bound to the receptors, the remaining neurotransmitters left in the synaptic gap are absorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron so they can be recycled and reused again- Neurotransmitters (message) are released from the pre-synaptic neuron (Ron) into the synaptic gap- Based on the post-synaptic neuron’s (Ronda) receptors, the neurotransmitters will either excite or inhibit the post synaptic neuron by opening ion channels that are selective for either positive or negative ions; initially triggering EPSP’s or IPSP’s- Resting Potential: Polarized; Negative charge inside cell, positive charge outside cell (about -70mV)- Stimulus threshold: Starting to depolarize; ion channels open to allow positive ions inside the cell, when stimulus threshold is met, the cell becomes depolarized- Action Potential: Depolarized; the neuron “fires” and reaches its highest concentration of positive ions- Refractory Period: Cell becomes repolarized and is unable to fire until resting potential is reached by positive ions leaving the cell- Hyperpolarization: Cell becomes hyperpolarized after too many positive ions leave; positive ions enter to reach -70mV and resting potentialV. Pharmacology- What kind of messages are we sending?o Effects of any neurotransmitter (NT) depend on receptor that it binds to!o One NT may excite or inhibit- Each neuron in the brain communicates with about 1,000 other neurons; some specialized my have up to 100,000- There are over 100 neurotransmitters that have been