BIOL 460 1nd Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I Thyroid Gland begins Exam Three Material a Composition b Hormones i T3 ii T34 c Diseases Outline of Current Lecture I Parathyroid Gland II Pancreas a Islets of Langerhans i Alpha cells ii Beta cells iii Delta cells III Pineal Gland a Melatonin IV Thymus V Reproductive System a Male b Female Current Lecture These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Parathyroid Gland 1 2 3 4 5 6 Four small masses around thyroid gland Release parathormone parathyroid hormone Regulates Ca2 levels antagonists for calcitonin Acts on kidneys reabsorption of Ca2 Causes osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix Intestine absorb more Ca2 Pancreas 1 Exocrine and endocrine gland 2 Islets of Langerhans make up endocrine part a Humans have about 1 million islets b Three cell types i Alpha 1 Secretes glucagon 2 Secreted between meals and during periods of fasting when glucose levels are low 3 Raises amount of glucose in blood triggering glycogenolysis by cells of liver 4 Stimulates lipolysis 5 Causes gluconeogenesis ii Beta 1 Secretes insulin 2 Insulin is released during a period of increased glucose level in blood 3 Promote entry of glucose into cell GLUT transporters 4 Glycogenogeneis 5 Lipogenesis iii Delta somatostatin 1 Inhibit action of alimentary canal and alpha and beta cells Pineal Gland 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Communicates info about environmental lighting to body Primitive vertebrates had a pineal eye Light strikes retina a signal goes to pineal gland Causes pineal gland to produce melatonin when there is no light Light inhibits secretion of melatonin Secretes melatonin in lack of light Entrain circadian rhythms a About a day b All eukaryotes have circadian rhythm c Rhythm of activity is about 24 hours in length d Sunrise melatonin levels drop tells organism that it is morning 8 Photoperiodism a Physiological response to change in day b Tells organism length of night depends on how long melatonin is secreted 9 Melatonin antigonadotropin a Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH b No eggs produced 10 Melatonin supplements a Sleep b Jet lag Thymus 1 2 3 4 5 6 Large in fetus Atrophies into adulthood Secretes thymopoeitin Site of maturation of T lymphocytes As lymphocytes mature thymus becomes less necessary and atrophies T cells cell mediated immunity releases chemical to destroy abdominal cells Reproductive System 1 Male Reproductive System a Male gonads testes b Contains seminiferous tubules c Contain spermatogonia stem cells that go through meiosis to make sperm d Closet to wall of tissue immature spermatogonia e Between seminiferous tubules interstitial cells of Leydig produces testosterone f Figure in Chapter 20 i Hypothalamus gonadotropin RH adenohypophysis gonadotropins FSH LH seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells spermatogenesis and testosterone release ii Testosterone and inhibin cause negative feedback testosterone goes to hypothalamus both go to adenohypophysis g Testosterone i Integrity of male genitals ii Male secondary sexual characteristics iii Negative feedback in hypothalamus and adenohypophysis 2 Female Reproductive System a Estrogens and progesterone corpus luteum b Estrogens i Main estradiol 17 beta ii Pregnancy estriol produced by placenta iii Menopause estrone adipose tissue c Ovaries i Fallopian tubes uterine tubes ii Ovary contains follicles iii Follicles produce eggs iv Immature follicle 1 Stem cells ovogonia 2 Surrounded by single layer of follicle cells 3 FSH released follicles stimulated they begin to mature 4 Follicle cells granulosa undergo mitosis 5 Follicle cells synthesize mRNAs passed into ovogonium via pinocytosis 6 Stored in ovogonium affecting early embryonic development 7 Mom s genome establishes axes of embryo v Mature follicle bursts egg is released into body cavity pulled towards uterine tube vi Egg fertilized in upper third of uterine tube d Uterus i Walls composed of three layers ii Epimetrium iii Myometrium smooth muscle iv Endometrium two layers v Deeper layer stratum basalis vi Upper layer stratum functionalis e Early embryo i Embryonic stem cells in intercell mass are totipotent ii Trophoblasts releases enzymes that break down cellular adhesion molecules CAMs in functionalis intercell mass embeds itself in functionalis iii Trophoblast embryo part of placenta iv Stratum functionalis mother s part of placenta