BIOL 460 1st Edition Lecture 30 Outline of Last LectureI. Transport of O2 in blood II. Transport of CO2 in blood III. Acid-base balance Outline of Current Lecture I. Acid-base balance continued II. Urinary System a. Kidney i. NephronIII. Glomerular FiltrationCurrent LectureAcid-base Balance (continued)1. Carbonic acid- volatile acid2. Non-volatile metabolic acids- don’t generally affect pH of plasma b/c generally taken up by buffers, generally bicarbonate a. Lactic acid b. Ketone body c. Kidneys i. Excrete protons into urine to prevent blood from being acidified ii. Manufactures bicarbonate as buffer3. Respiratory acidosisa. Caused by hypoventilation 4. Respiratory alkalosis a. Caused by hyperventilation 5. Chemoreceptors- send sensory information to respiratory centera. Respiratory rate- PP of CO2 in blood between 39 and 41 mmHg6. Metabolic acidosis a. pH of blood is <7.35These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. uncontrolled diabetic ketoacidosis c. loss of bicarbonate i. stomach- HClii. small intestine- pancreas releases pancreatic juice and contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes stuff coming from stomach iii. uncontrolled diarrhea- substances going through stomach quickly and bicarbonate isn’t utilizediv. hyperventilation- more CO2 blown off than usual, rxn shift to left, protonstaken up, pH of body fluids goes up 7. Metabolic alkalosisa. pH of blood is >7.45 b. excessive vomiting- protons released into stomach are lost c. hypoventilation- more CO2 in system than usual, rxn driven to right, protons released, pH comes downUrinary System (Chapter Seventeen)1. composed of:a. kidneyb. two uretersi. transport urine from kidney to urinary bladder ii. smooth muscle in wall, which undergoes peristalsis c. bladderd. urethra- bladder drains through this2. kidneysa. main function is to regulate extracellular fluid environment of bodyb. when produce urine- allows kidneys to control blood volume, which then regulates blood pressurei. BV too great- protected by baroreceptors c. Regulate concentration of waste products in the blood d. Regulate concentration of electrolytes in the bloode. Regulate pH of the plasma f. Cortexi. Spongy look due to presence of many capillaries ii. Renal corpuscle and proximal convoluted tubule g. Medulla- inner regioni. Striated or striped because tubules parallel to one another as well as capillaries h. Renal thymusi. Contains renal pelvis i. Nephron- functional unit of kidney i. Two parts1. Renal corpusclea. Ultra filtrate – been filtered a lot b. Glomerulus i. Blood goes in through afferent arteriole into capillary into efferent arteriole c. Renal/Bowman’s capsule i. As result of filtration, the ultra-filtrate is produce bycorpuscle into Bowman’s capsule 1. Outer layer- parietal 2. Inner layer- visceral 2. Renal tubulea. Proximal convoluted tubule i. Wall is simple cuboidal with microvilli b. Loop of Henlei. Ascending limb ii. Descending limb c. Distal convoluted tubulei. Shorter, simple cuboidal with fewer microvillid. Collecting duct e. Papillary duct- releases final urine product into the renal pelvisf. Peritubular capillary network Glomerular Filtration 1. Involves filtration membrane- filter fluid of blood has to go through in order to form ultra-filtrate a. Three Layersi. Fenestrated endothelium- “windows”ii. Basement membrane of endothelium 1. Contains a lot of glycoproteins iii. Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule 1. Composed of podocytesa. Pedicels 2. Starling Forces to describe net filtration pressure a. Pressure that forces fluids, ions, etc. through filtration membrane into Bowman’scapsule= 10 mmHgb. Fluid out= pressure in capillary (37 mmHg) +osmotic pressure of ultra-filtrate (0)c. Fluid in= pressure of ultra-filtrate in capsule (?) + osmotic pressure of plasma (45mmHg)3. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)- volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minutea. Average 120 mm per