BIOL 460 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. NTM in ANS continueda. Norepinephrinei. Adrenergic neurons ii. Adrenergic receptors1. Alpha 12. Alpha 23. Beta b. Nonadrenergic/noncholinergic fibersOutline of Current Lecture I. ReflexII. Endocrine System (Chapter 11)a. Exocrine glandsb. Endocrine glands III. Hormone classification a. Chemical b. SolubilityIV. Mechanism of Hormone ActionCurrent LectureReflex1. Sensory structure→ sensory neuron→ CNS→ motor neuron→ smooth muscle2. Must be controlled by motor neuron in CNS3. Must have sensory input 4. Must consider sensory structuresThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Chemoreceptors- send info to CNS; respond to pH of bloodb. Largely stretch receptors c. Carotid artery- baroreceptors detect fluctuations in blood pressure d. Info goes to brain stem→ vasomotor center and cardiac center e. Increases sympathetic output→ vasoconstriction and increased heart rate f. Center/nuclei control ANS (visceral sensory neurons)i. Many are in medulla oblongata ii. Also centers in hypothalamusChapter Eleven- Endocrine System Glands 1. Exocrinea. Form from epithelia b. Released by a duct c. Salivary glands in pharynx d. Out folding of pharynx2. Endocrinea. Developed in embryo from epithelia b. No ductc. No connection to body surfaced. Thyroid in pharynx was a result of invagination (folding)3. Originally believed pituitary was master gland 4. Now it is known that there are several organs that are also glandsa. Table 1.1b. Include skin, heart, etc. Endocrine glands produce hormone 1. Release into blood stream2. Act on specific target cells3. Target cells have receptors for hormone Hormones can be classified in two ways1. Chemical classificationa. Aminesi. Catecholamine- norepinephrine, epinephrine (adrenal medulla)ii. Thyroid hormone b. Polypeptides/proteinsi. Insulin ii. ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)iii. Growth hormonec. Glycoproteini. Protein with carbohydrate bondedii. FSH iii. LHd. Steroidsi. Sex hormones ii. Corticosteroids- produced by adrenal cortex2. Solubility Classificationa. Lipophilic i. Non-polar, hydrophobicii. Diffuse right through PM iii. Have intracellular receptorsiv. Thyroid hormones1. Retinoic acid- vitamin A derivative2. Calcitriol- vitamin D derivative v. Steroid hormones- synthesized from cholesterol1. Sex steroidsa. Produced by gonads b. Progesteronec. testosterone d. Estradiol 17- B (estrogen)e. Corticosteroidsi. Secreted by adrenal cortexii. Cortison vi. Can be taken orally- won’t be digestedb. Polari. Water soluble (hydrophilic)ii. Cannot cross PMiii. Bond to receptors protein in membrane of target cell- turns on STP- causehormone effect on target celliv. Polypeptides, glycoproteins, and monoamines v. Catecholamine hormones vi. Can’t be taken in pill form c. Prehormonei. Endocrine; mcl released by endocrine gland that is altered by target cell which converts it to functional hormone1. T4- thyroxin- enter target cell, converted to T33. Mechanisms of hormone actions a. Lipophilic hormones i. Steroid hormone family1. Sex steroids 2. Corticosteroids ii. Thyroid hormone family 1. Thyroid hormone- T3 and T42. 9-cis-retonic acida. Produced from vitamin A3. Calcitriol- modified form of vitamin
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