BIOL 460 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Mesolimbic Dopamine SystemII. Norepinephrine III. Amino Acid NeurotransmittersOutline of Current Lecture II. Inhibitory Amino Acid NTMsA. GABAIII. Polypeptide NeurotransmittersIV. Lipid NTMsV. Gaseous NTM (end of Chapter 7)VI. Autonomic Nervous System (beginning of Chapter 9)Current LectureInhibitory AA NTMs continued1. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)a. Chemically modified form of glutamic acid b. Receptor is ionotropic- contains Cl- channelc. Common in braini. Purkinje cell- cells in cerebellum- enormous dendritic treed. Does in brain what glycine does in spinal cordPolypeptide Neurotransmitters (short chains of amino acids)1. Neuropeptidesa. Substance Pi. Involved in neural pathways that are involved with pain sensations b. Endogenous opioids i. Bond to receptors in brain ii. Opium and its derivatives are exogenous agonists iii. analgesia and euphoria- receptors that bond to opium and its derivatives iv. Three endogenous opioids discovered1. Endorphins2. Enkephalins These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Dynorphin v. Turned on during periods of stress1. Childbirth, runners high, Capsaicin high → chemical in hot peppersvi. Cause analgesia1. Blocks release of substance P via axoaxonic synapse2. Releases endorphins3. Antagonists for Ca2+ voltage gated channels, no substance P is released via exocytosisLipid Neurotransmitters 1. Small, nonpolar, hydrophobic, no exocytosis needed2. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)- can relieve nausea, exogenous cannabinoida. Endocannobinoid NTMi. Anandamide1. endogenous lipid NTM, causes euphoria and analgesia 2. Ananda- bliss or delight3. Possibly a retrograde NTMGaseous Neurotransmitters1. Nitric Oxide (NO)a. This is not laughing gas, which is N20, given by dentistsb. Produced from L-argenine by nitric synthetase c. Rolesi. Paracrine factor in blood vessels, causing vasodilationii. NTM of some neurons in PNA and subneurons in CNSiii. Macrophages use NO to kill bacteria d. FIGURE 20.22 (Possible Essay Question*)i. Parasympathetic axon innervates blood vessels in penis (arterioles)ii. Action potentials open Calcium voltage gated channelsiii. Calcium turns on NO synthetase iv. L-argenine produces NO v. NO diffuses through plasma membrane, through synaptic cleft and into smooth muscle cellvi. Turns on guanylate cyclase, makes cGMP and pyrophosphatevii. cGMP is a 2nd messenger; it closes calcium voltage gated channels, prevents muscle from contracting, causing vasodilationviii. vasodilation increases blood flow and causes an erection ix. system is turned off by phosphodiesterase by hydrolyzing cGMP x. Viagra inhibits phosphodiesterase 2. Carbon Monoxidea. Produced by HEME oxygenase (which is turned on by calcium/calmodulin complex)b. Breaks down HEME group of hemoglobinc. Retrograde transmission d. Calmodulin is similar to synatotagmine. CO diffuses right out of the axon f. Involved in learning and memory in the hippocampusCHAPTER NINE MATERIAL – Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)4 types of neurons 1. Somatic sensory2. Somatic motor- innervates skeletal muscles; conscious control 3. Visceral sensory 4. Visceral motor→ ANSa. Supply cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandsb. No conscious control c. Involuntary effectors ANS neurons1. Two neuron pathway a. Preganglionic neuron- cell body in CNSb. Postganglionic neuron- in PNS; cell body is in autonomic ganglion 2. Sympathetic- “fight-or-flight” response3. Parasympathetic- rest and digest Visceral Effectors 4. Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle5. Destroy skeletal muscle axon→ flaccid paralysis, atrophy 6. Somewhat independent of innervation, have a resting
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