BIOL 460 1nd EditionExam #3 Study Guide Lectures: 10-18Possible Essay Questions:1. Phases of the Menstrual Cyclea. Menstruation (1-5days): shedding of stratum functionalis; increase in FSH production by adenohypophysisb. Proliferative Phase (6-13 days): stratum basalis proliferates a new stratum functionalis; increase in estrogen and LH; estrogen produced by maturing follicle;trigger for basalis is estrogenc. Ovulation (14 days): high estrogen concentration signal tells pituitary that Graafian follicle is ready; adenohypophysis produce surge of FSH and LH; remnants of Graafian follicle form luteum d. Secretory Phase (15-25 days): corpus luteum form; secrete estrogen and progesteronei. Inhibits secretion of LH and FSH by adenohypophysis to prevent further follicle stimulationii. Maturation of stratum functionalis e. Premenstrual (26-28 days): corpus luteum disintegrates; estrogen and progesterone drop; stratum functionalis no longer supported→ degrade; no inhibition of FSH or LH2. Sketch and Label a Sarcomere3. Describe the Events of a Cross Bridge Power Stroke a. Result of dephosphorylation of cross bridge after it has been “cocked” (phosphorylated)b. Actin-binding domain binds actin to thin myofilament; ATPase domain binds to ATP and hydrolyzes it to ADP and inorganic phosphate, which phosphorylates thecross bridgec. Once cocked conformation- attaches to thin myofilament which trigger dephosphorylation of cross bridge and cause a power stroke i. Pulls myofilament to centerii. Ejects ADP4. Structure and Function of the troponin/tropomyosin Complexa. Prevents cross bridge from attaching to thin myofilamentb. Composed of three proteinsi. TnT: attaches to tropomyosin that troponin attaches toii. TnC: ligand-binding site for Ca++iii. TnI: interfering- interferes with cross bridge attachment; binds with Ca++, causing conformation change, which move tropomyosin up and myosin binding sites become exposed5. Excitation/Contraction Coupling of Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle or Smooth Muscle a. SKMi. Ach released by somatic motor neuron binds to nicotinic Ach receptors in sarcolemma, causing depolarization at the motor-end-plateii. This causes VGC to be stimulated in muscle cell causing action potentials, known as end plate potentialsiii. AP are conducted laterally across sarcolemma, which goes into T-tubules opening VG Ca++ channelsiv. This channels undergo conformation change once stimulated and are mechanically coupled to Ca++ release channels in SR1. Also on SR, ligand gated Ca++ release channelsv. Once Ca++ is in sarcoplasm it binds to troponin, changes conformation, which moves tropomyosin, allowing muscle contractionb. CMi. AP (depolarization) is created in SA nodeii. Depolarization of PM by AP opens Na+ VGC, which allow Ca++ VGC to open in T-tubuleiii. Allows some Ca++ to diffuse into cytoplasm from extracellular fluid iv. Stimulates opening of Ca++ release channels in SR1. Ca2+-stimulated-Ca2+ releasev. Ca2+ released form SR bind to troponin and stimulates contractionvi. Ca2+ pumped back via Ca2+ pumpsc. SMi. Depolarization of PM of cell causes opening of Ca2+ VGC in PM ii. Ca2+ enters cytoplasm and binds with calmodulin1. Ca2+ is second messengeriii. Ca2+/Calmodulin complex combine with and activates myosin light-chain kinase (MLC)iv. Phosphorylation of MLC cause cross bridge activation and contractionv. Contraction ends when myosin phosphatase becomes activated1. This dephosphorylates cross bridge causing it to release actin 6. Electrical Activity of a Cell of the SA Node, including Pacemaker Potential (graph and explain) HCN channel function and action potential (see notes)7. AP of Myocardial Cell (graph and explain) (see notes)8. Sketch and Label Cardiac Cycle (in notes)9. Sketch and Label an EKG (see notes)Key Terms from lectures 10-18 (Possible short Answer or fill in blank)1. Thyroid glanda. Endemic goiter b. Hyperthyroidism c. Hypothyroidism2. Pancreasa. Islet of Langerhansi. Alpha cellsii. Beta cellsiii. Delta cells3. Pineal Glanda. Melatonin4. Reproductive Systema. Malei. testosteroneb. Female i. Estrogen/progesterone ii. FSH/LHiii. Menstrual cycle5. Paracrine Regulationa. Prostaglandins b. NSAIDS c. 3 Isoenzymes of cyclooxygenase6. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction a. Sarcomereb. Cross-bridge cycling 7. Excitation of Muscle Cells8. Length/Tension Relationship9. Motor Unit 10. Valvesa. Murmur 11. Double circuit system 12. Flow of blood through heart 13. Cardiac cycle 14. Valve sounds a. lub/dub or lup/dup15. repolarization and depolarization of electrical activity of SA node 16. HCN channels17.