BIOL 320 1st Edition Exam 4 Study Guide Lectures 18 22 Lecture 18 Nutrition Metabolism Understand lipid metabolism and metabolism of nutrients Know the main categories of nutrients addressed in lecture Categories of Nutrients Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals Digestion on Nutrients Lipid Metabolism Lecture 19 Metabolic States Pathways AND Regulation of Metabolism Understand the cholesterol and liver functions Know that the metabolic pathways of different nutrients merge to attain same goal Understand regulatory mechanisms of metabolism Liver Metabolism Packages fatty acids for storage and transport Synthesizes plasma proteins Forms nonessential amino acids Converts ammonia from deamination to urea Stores glucose as glycogen regulates blood glucose homeostasis Stores vitamins conserves iron degrades hormones and detoxifies Cholesterol Importance structural base for bile salts steroid hormones vitamin D Transport via lipoproteins o HDL high density lipoproteins transport cholesterol to liver for excretion o LDL low density lipoproteins transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues excess creates plaques regulates cholesterol synthesis o VLDL very low density lipoproteins transport triglycerides mostly to adipose tissue Heart attack risk artery damage o Lowered risk higher ratio of HDL than LDL o Higher risk higher ratio of LDL than HDL Interconversion of Metabolic Pathways for Different Nutrients Absorptive State Post absorptive State Regulatory Mechanisms of Metabolism Lecture 20 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism Intro to Urinary System Understand the hormonal control of metabolism especially insulin Know major functions primary secondary of renal system Describe the anatomy of the kidney and the nephron with the structures part of each larger structure Metabolic Hormones Catabolic Anabolic o Insulin Effects Increases protein synthesis amino acid transport glucose uptake muscle glycogen storage and muscle blood flow Decreases protein degradation and cortisol release Urinary System Major function of urinary system those of kidney the other organs serve to support the kidney Primary Renal Functions 1 Filter blood 200L day 2 Removes metabolic waste toxins excess ions 3 Regulates volume chemical composition of blood 4 Maintains proper water salt acid base balance Secondary Renal Functions 1 Produces rennin regulates blood pressure 2 Produces EPO RBC production 3 Activates vitamin D 4 Gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting Anatomy of Kidney Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Anatomy of the Nephron Renal corpuscle Renal tubule Glomerular capillaries Peritubular capillaries Lecture 21 Urinary System Regulation of Urinary System How does blood pressure effect renal circulation How is urine formed Understand the mechanisms of urine formation Know how GFR is regulated Know other structures of urinary system Blood pressure and renal circulation are directly related When blood pressure drops renal circulation decreases Mechanisms of Urine Formation Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion Glomerular Filtration Rate GFR Governing factors o Total surface area of filter o Filter membrane permeability o Net filtration pressure Regulatory mechanisms o Renal autoregulation intrinsic o Neural controls extrinsic o Hormonal mechanism Structures of Urinary System Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Lecture 22 Urinary System Conclusion Intro to Osmoregulation Understand the regulation of micturition Know the developmental aspects of the urinary system How does water composition differ in different groups Know the different fluid compartments and the composition of solutes and body fluids in each Understand the water balance disorders discussed in class Regulation of Micturition Developmental Aspects of Renal System Embryonic three sets of kidneys 6 only one set developing by week 5 Fetal produced by third month Infants small bladders kidneys can t concentrate urine Childhood voluntary urethral sphincter control develops with nervous system Urinary Tract Infections 80 due to E coli STDs can inflame urinary tract Aging kidney function declines many elderly develop incontinence Fluid Compartments Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid o Interstitial fluid o Plasma volume Water Balance Disorders Dehydration Hypotonic Hyponatremia Edema