BIOL 3510 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I Ion Channels II Patch clamp Recording III Action Potentials IV Mechanically gated Channels Outline of Current Lecture I Energy Storage II Free Energy III Metabolism IV Active Carriers Current Lecture Cells use energy stored in the bonds of sugars and fats to generate ATP Energy released during catabolism was acquired from the sun during photosynthesis Sugars monosaccharides store energy and are subunits of polysaccharides They contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1 2 1 like glucose Disaccharides and polysaccharides are formed by condensation reactions like sucrose a short term energy storage The uniting bond is called a glycosidic bond Examples of polysaccharides Starch and glycogen energy storage Cellulose and chitin structural support How do organisms store energy 1 Long term storage in animals fatty acids are stored as triglycerols in fat droplets in adipose cells 2 Short term storage in animals sugars are stored as glycogen 3 Energy storage in plants fats and starches are stored in chloroplasts Free Energy of a System These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute If delta G 0 spontaneous exergonic energy released If delta G 0 equilibrium If delta G 0 nonspontaneous endergonic energy required During the stepwise oxidation of sugar the released energy is stored in activated carrier molecules Activated carriers are generated by coupled reactions Metabolism the chemical reactions of biomolecules It is the biochemical basis of life processes Catabolism the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones an oxidative process that releases energy Anabolism the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones a reductive process that requires energy Activated carriers store exchangeable energy ATP stands for adenosine 5 triphosphate Transfer of a phosphate group to any other molecule is a phosphorylation reaction Phosphate groups are used to create high energy intermediates NADH NADPH and FADH2 carry two electrons and a H They have different shapes and interact with different enzymes Acetyl Coenzyme A acetyl CoA is an example of another activated carrier
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