ARTH183 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Indo-Islamic Art and ArchitectureA. IslamB. Ghurid and Mamluk Dynasties/The Delhi sultanatesC. “Qutb (Quwwat al-Islam/Might of Islam) Mosque” a. Form (qibla, arches); signs of native artisansb. Decoration/style; signs of native artisansc. Political significanceII. Mughal Dynasty ArtA. Mughal Dynastya. Period Persian painting styleB. “Assad ibn Kariba Launches a Night Attack on the Camp of Malik Iraj”a. Subject-Mughal court under Akbarb. Style; Persian/Indian blendingC. “Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaykh to Kings”a. Subject-Mughal court under Jahangirb. Style; European influencec. MessageOutline of Current Lecture I. Indo-Islamic Art: Shah Jahan and the Taj MahalA. Shah Jahan; identity, special interestsB. “Taj Mahal.” Agra. Mughal Dynasty, 1631-1642a. Purposeb. Form/style; materials, garden (charbagh), darwaza, taj (iwan, cenotaph), dome-Significance of number 8-Persian influencesc. Decoration; calligraphy, floral imageryII. Shang Dynasty ChinaA. Early Chinese civilization; Yellow and Yangzi riversB. Shang Dynasty civilizationa. Capital at Anyangb. Characteristics; relative size, urban centers, cemeteries, social structureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.C. Development of writinga. Surviving evidence; bronzes, oracle bonesD. Shang spiritual beliefsa. Ancestor spiritsE. Bronzes: Ding.” Shang Dynasty, Anyang phase, 1300-1200 BCEa. Use/Functionb. Formc. Where they are foundF. Royal tombs/tombs of Shang Dynasty kingsa. Other human remains, objects found in them; purpose-Determiners for quality of afterlifeG. Chinese piece-mold casting technique; characteristicsCurrent LectureIndo-Islamic Art: Shah Jahan and the Taj MahalThe ruler Shah Jahan (an adopted name meaning “Emperor of the World”) is the son of Jahangir who was predicted by the Sufi shaykh that Jahangir is shown giving a book to in “Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaykh to Kings;” he is much more interested in architecture than his father, reducing the number of painters at court. He had a special love for white marble and engaged in multiple new building projects and updates to old buildings during his rule.-“Taj Mahal.” Agra. Mughal Dynasty, 1631-1642: The tomb (taj) of Shah Jahan and his favorite wife, constructed over multiple years before his death-used to be known as “The Illuminated Tomb” (“illuminated”=illustrated). Complex covers a large expanse encompassed by a wall; most tombs of rulers feature large gardens, a reference to ideas about the appearance of Paradise itself (lush, green, flowing waters)*This garden type is called a charbagh; a Persian style 4-square garden (shows continuing importance of Persian influence)*Darwaza: Large gate leading in to the complex; has a lot of inlaid inscriptions from the Koran, including a whole passage on the theme of the Apocalypse and Judgment Day that exhorts the reader to not lead a wicked life and describes reward vs. punishment in the next life.*The taj itself has a plinth with a higher second plinth on top, 4 minarets at the corners, is entirely covered in white marble, and has an octagonal outline (the number 8 is incorporated into the design of many tombs because it was believed that heaven had 8 entrances); iwan=a recessed bayed/curving arch, a form borrowed from Persian architecture-there is a large central iwan with 2 smaller ones flanking it. The style of dome, really round at the bottom before coming to a point on top, is also Persian. The main interior space is also octagonal, with smaller rooms branching off of a main one; also shows use of white marble withinlay of stones and metallic materials. Cenotaph=Greek for “empty tomb”; these do not contain the actual remains of Shah Jahan and his wife but are more monuments to them*Decoration consists of calligraphy inscriptions, floral imagery (a symbol of both god and love) made or precious and semi-precious stones*The play of light on the Taj Mahal’s exterior can make it look very different at different times of day (light is symbolic of the presence of god)Shang-Dynasty ChinaMuch like India, China has 2 largest and main river systems: the Yellow river originating in the mountains of Tibet and the Yangzi river from the same region; earliest signs of civilization emerge around these rivers. The Shang Dynasty falls within the Bronze Age ca. 1650-1045 BCE-ithad several different capitals, but the latest one is Anyang toward the end of the Dynasty when the culture was most fully developed-Extent of Shang rule is not large compared to size of modern China, but the Dynasty dominated during this time; civilization characterized by building much larger urban centers with big, elaborate cemeteries (great interest in death and the afterlife at this time), a very complex, structured society with multiple class levels-An important development during the time is writing, which survives as inscriptions on the inside of bronzes and in the form of oracle bones. Oracle bones=either ox scapulae or turtle shell bottoms used for divination by applying heat and then interpreting cracks; create a sort of archive of divination questions about weather, battle outcomes, pregnancy, illness, etc.-Evidence that Shang people believed in a supreme spirit or deity as well as otherkinds of spirits, including ancestor spirits. Ancestor spirits=belief in the continuation of the soul in the afterlife and the need for the living to care for them and keep them happy so they wouldn’t negatively affect your lifeThe main types of objects found at Shang sites are bronze vessels.-“Ding.” Shang Dynasty, Anyang phase, 1300-1200 BCE: A very significant form used to present offerings to the spirits of the ancestors. This type is a tripod/3-legged form (much easier to make stable than a 4-legged one) and was used for meat offerings*Usually found either in tombs of the wealthy buried with high-ranking people or in hoards (groups of objects buried together to protect them from something)Royal tombs carved out of the Earth are expansive, with the largest being for the Shang kings ruling out of Anyang. Many accompanying burials are the bodies of slaves or prisoners of war who were sacrificed to go with the king to the afterlife, his wives who killed themselves to accompany him, sacrificed horses and their chariots, and lots of material