BIOL 320 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 11 17 Lecture 11 Immune System Understand the functions of the immune system Know the differences of innate defenses and adaptive defenses Immune System Functions 1 Defensive system protect body from invasion 2 Repel pathogens 3 Immediately respond to exposure Innate Defenses born with always present don t develop with exposure to environment non specific defenses Adaptive Defenses 3rd line of defense against specific foreign substances take a bit longer to effect o o o o o Lecture 12 A Antigens B Cells of Adaptive Immune System C Humoral Immune Response D Cell Mediated Immune Response E Homeostatic Imbalance Innate vs Adaptive Immune Defenses Understand the specific types of innate defenses surface barriers and internal defenses What makes adaptive defensives unique Innate Defenses Surface Barriers o Skin o Mucous membrane o Cilia o Secretions sweat mucous sebum acids saliva Internal Defenses o Phagocytic mobilization o Antimicrobial protein Adaptive Defenses Key Features o 1 SPECIFIC o 2 SYSTEMIC o 3 MEMORY Divisions o 1 HUMORAL o 2 CELLULAR Functions o 1 Immobilize neutralize destroy o 2 Amplify inflammatory response o 3 Activates complement Lecture 13 Humoral and Cell Mediated Responses of the Adaptive Immune System Understand the humoral and cell mediated responses What are the homeostatic imbalances discussed in class and their characteristics What are the developmental aspects of the immune system Humoral Immune Response Antigen Challenge first encounter between a foreign antigen and a naive immunocompetent cell Location spleen or other lymphoid organ nodes If the lymphocyte is a B cell then antibody production stimulated Stimulated B cell will undergo clonal proliferation with same receptor for that foreign antigen o 1 Stimulated cell forms clones with same antigen specific binding site receptor o 2 Most clones become plasma cells function produce antibody o 3 Some clones become memory cells function to mount immediate response on next encounter Cell Mediated Immunity when the problem is inside the cell T cells o T4 or CD4 or Helper TH o T8 or CD8 or Tcytotoxic o Tsuppresor Activation of Immunocompetent TC cells 1 Double recognition required o a Class I or Class II MHC produced o b Exogenous or Endogenous antigen 2 Co stimulation required situation specifics Homeostatic Imbalance Immunodeficiency o SCID Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency genetic defect damages T B cells o AIDS virus damages helper T cells susceptibility to disease cancer Autoimmune Disease o Multiple sclerosis diabetes rheumatoid arthritis lupus o Cause many could be a problem with genetics and with the cells identifying self cells Hypersensitivity o Allergies Developmental Aspects 9th Week immune stem cells are already developed in spleen and liver Stem cells from bone marrow Lymphocytes bone marrow thymus Helper Ts o Born with T H2 s o Develop T H1 s develop with exposure in the environment Lecture 14 Respiratory System What are the structures that make up the respiratory system Understand the functions of the respiratory system Respiratory System Function to supply tissues with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide Respiration Collective Processes 1 Pulmonary ventilation move air in out of lungs 2 External respiration gas exchange between lungs and blood 3 Gas transport moving gas from lungs to tissues carried by blood 4 Internal respiration gas exchange between blood and target tissues Respiratory Zone parts of the lungs close to the alveoli bronchioles alveolar ducts and alveoli Conducting Zone rigid conduits through which air moves all other respiratory structures Respiratory Structures Nose Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi bronchioles Lecture 15 Respiration the Details Understand how the forces acting on the lungs the pressure relationships and the process of breathing allow respiration to occur Where does respiration gas exchange occur Understand oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood Breathing Two stages o Inspire Inhale o Expire Exhale Pulmonary ventilation o Mechanical process o Depends upon volume changes o Volume changes lead to pressure changes o Pressure changes lead to mechanical moving of gas or airflow Pressure Relationships Atmospheric pressure Patm o 760 mm Hg at sea level Respiratory pressures relative to Patm o Negative respiratory pressure Patm o Positive respiratory pressure Patm o Zero respiratory pressure Patm Intrapulmonary press Ppul Press in alveoli o Fluctuates w breathing o Always eventually equalizes w Patm Forces Acting on Lungs Forces promoting lung collapse Elasticity of lungs Surface tension of alveolar surfactant Forces promoting lung expansion o Elasticity of chest wall o Low intrapleural space pressure Pneumothorax excess air in the intrapleural space Hemothorax excess introduction of blood in intrapleural space Pressure of inside the lungs is greater than the intrapleural space allowing you to breathe Boyle s Law If volume increases then pressure decreases Oxygen Transport Hemoglobin carries 98 5 of oxygen The rest dissolved in plasma Factors affecting Hb s affinity for oxygen 1 P O2 only 25 of bound oxygen is released from Hb if more is needed then released HOW 2 Temperature If temperature increases then affinity of Hb for oxygen decreases 3 Blood pH If pH decreases then affinity of Hb for oxygen decreases 4 P CO2 If increased then affinity decreases 5 BPG byproduct of glycolysis concentration If BPG increases then affinity decreases 6 Cigarette smoking decreases number of binding sites Carbon Dioxide Transport CO2 is picked up in tissues transported in blood in three forms 1 Bicarbonate ion in plasma 70 2 Bound to Hb 20 3 Dissolved in plasma 10 O2 1 Bound to Hb 98 5 2 Dissolved in plasma 1 5 At lungs 1 Bicarbonate ions move into RBCs bind with H carbonic acid 2 Carbonic acid split by carbonic anhydrase CO2 H20 3 CO2 diffuses from RBC to alveoli Lecture 16 Gas Exchange Regulation of Breathing the Digestive System Understand the oxygen carbon dioxide exchange Be able to interpret and understand the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve Understand the neural control depth and rate of breathing mechanisms What are the developmental aspects of the respiratory system Understand the digestive system the GI tract organs accessory organs and functions Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Exchange Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve Factors Influencing Hemoglobin Saturation Neural Control Depth and Rate of