ANTH 210 Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture1. Adaptive Strategies: Making a Living Economic Production2. Modes of Production Through Time and Space3. Cross-Cultural Views: Cautions about typologyOutline of Current Lecture1. Horticulture as a Mode of Production2. Agriculture as a Mode of Production3. Pastoralism4. Industrial Capitalism5. Industrialism and Post-Industrialism6. Political Organizations7. Political OrganizationCurrent LectureHorticulture as a Mode of Production- Division of Labor the age and gender- Property Relations- “Use rights” rather than private ownership- Social Relations- Kinship and marriage control rights of access to land and labor. High degrees of social equality and communalism except for the potential issue of the status of women. Generalized and balanced reciprocity. Agriculture as a Mode of ProductionNonindustrial system of plant cultivation characterized by continous and intense use of labor and land. Adding technology to the mix adds the variables of:- Draft animals- Irrigation- Terracing- Increases in productivity or greater units of output per unit of input in the long run (but not in the short term)- Labor- Intense need for human labor- Property Relations the sedentary exsistence, more likely to have private- Social Relations means growth in populatin, requires more societal regulation and greater social distance equals negative reciprocity.- Potential for sustainability is the significant environmental effects reduction ofecological diversity or monocropping.PastoralismPastoralism is relying on domesticated herd animals for subsistence. An example of pastoralist is Mongols that reside in Central Asia. Pastoralism as a Mode of Production is definedbelow. For Pastoralism two types which are nomadism and transhumance.- Division of labor is age and gender. Women have a low status such as polygyny.- Property Relations land is territory and animals are capital.- Social Relations have the potential for social inequality based on differential animal ownership and they herd animals subject to raiding negative reciprocity.Industrial Capitalsim- Industrial Agriculture- Industrialism- Manufacture- Informatics-ServiceIndustrialism and Post-Industrialsim- Division of Labor is highly specialized- Property Relations is private ownership. There is extreme wealth differences and access to capital.- Social Relations have extreme social inequality or alienation.Political OrganizationPolitical Organization is tied to subsistence strategy. The following words are important vocabulary words.- Band- ForagersUnit of social organization among foragers, group of related people who forage together. Usually smalls groups of 25-50 adults, their egalitarian and the reciprocity is generalized. There’s no formal political leadership, consensus decision-making and non-centralized. They have cognatic descents.- Tribe: Horticulturalists and pastoralistsSocial organization of horticulturalists and pastoralists. These are semi-permanent grops from 100’s to the 1000’s of adults. Their social status is flexible and thekinship ties to paramount. There is unilineal descent forms. The ‘acephalous’ is a cross-cutting of social groups meaning there is no leader.- Chiefdom: Pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture capable of producing a surplus.A permanent political structure with a defined territory under the leadership of achief; surplus food production is required. The groups are greater than 1000. The rankedstatuses are differentiated. There is a centralized political authority and rank is determined by birth called ascribed status. Unilineal descent forms are present.- State: Agriculture (archaic states) and industrialism (modern nation-states)An independent sociopolitical system which possess a bureaucracy which administers a territory founded on intensive agriculture. The populations are around 100,000s and marked social inequality is highly stratified. There is a market economy anda formal political leadership power is based on law and a permanent military or political force. There is usually a cognatic