ANTH 210 Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture1. Anthropology: Study of HumanityA. Fields of Anthropology2. Cultural Universals- Definition and example3. Anthropology vocabulary- Ethnography, Ethnology & Holistic4. Physical & Biological AnthropologyA. Human EvolutionB. PrimateologyC. Biological Variation5. Introduction to RaceA. Evolution of Dark SkinB. Evolution of Light Skin6. Archaeology Anthropology Introduction7. Applied Anthology IntroductionCurrent LectureThe notes introduce anthropology and the various fields of anthropology. As well as discussing important chapter 1 vocabulary.Anthropology: Study of humanity4 Fields of Anthropology1. Biological and Physical- Studying the aspects of being human. Requires specializedtraining and is used in a formative context.2. Archaeology- Study of the past ways of life or life ways and the analysis of materialremains3. Linguistic- Study of the relationship between languages and culture4. Cultural- Study of what it means to be human in a global perspectiveCultural UniversalsWhen there’s a connection between individuals and cultures. An example is marriagebecause every individual or culture has some form of marriage or commitment to anotherhuman being, but the ideals behind “marriage” varies by culture. A cultural universal issomething that connects people from all over the world regardless of their personal views orbeliefs. Additional examples are food, religion, government and education.Ethnography- Description of a culture obtained through field workEthnology- Study of culture in its entiretyHolisticAnthropologists believe you must understand the whole way of life of a person.Physical & Biological AnthropologyPhysical & biology anthropology is studying the aspects of being human and has 3 sub-specialization categories1. Human Evolution- This category describes the evolution of man throughout time. The wordbipedalism is introduced; which means having two feet. Also this category highlights thecomponents of a family unit. Regardless of culture or ideals, a family is an example of a culturaluniversal because it highlights the importance of a family unit regardless of how a culture mightview the family structure.2. Primatology- This category discusses the ideal of human’s evolution from primates. Thiscategory also ties into “Human Evolution” because just as humans understand the importanceof family units the same ideals are represented through the primate family. Where the mother,father, and offspring are a clan or close groups of individuals.3. Biological Variation- This category highlights the introduction of race to the world. Thiscategory discusses the biological differences between individuals rather it be genetics orhabitations.These three categories cover everything from physical to biological differences thatshape the world we live in today.RaceRace is an academic concept developed based on perceived physical differencesbetween human subgroups, attempting to determine genotype from phenotype. Genotype isan individual’s DNA, where as phenotype is physical characteristics that categorize an individualor group of people. For example, if I was to say Jack Lumber had long blonde hair and was theson of Sandy & Adam Long an individual would be able to recognize a phenotype and genotype.The phenotype would be Jack Long having long hair and a genotype would be him being the sonof Sandy & Adam Long. Where the phenotype is a visual characteristic while the genotype is thegenetic makeup of Sandy & Adam Long to produce Jack as their offspring. These physical differences are now thought up without significant meaning and this canbe defined as stereotype. A stereotype can be defined by categorizing an individual or group ofpeople based off of personal cultural ideals and beliefs or physical characteristics. For example,Indian descendants might be known for having small religious markings (dots) on their face,African American’s might be known for having large lips or Caucasians as blonde hair and blueeyes. These are simple stereotypes that individuals use on a daily basis. Humans are like ‘poundor mutt puppies’ meaning there is so much genetic variation to categorize individuals by skincolor or a stereotype is genetically impossible to conclude. Race isn’t a valid or useful biologicalconcept.Evolution of Dark SkinDark skinned individuals are found all over the world but they have an adaptiveadvantage in regions closer to the equator. For example, in Tanzia severe sunburn individuals can lead to infections and affect one’s abilityto sweat. The individuals with dark skin protect people from high Ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Evolution of Light SkinLight skinned individuals evolved in regions in the North where there are areas of low UVradiation; which means they are commonly inhabitants of regions farther away from theequator than dark skinned individuals to decrease their risk of skin cancer. Many scientists andindividuals believe that light skinned people evolution is related to the synthesis of vitamin Dfrom the sun and stimulation of chemical compounds caused by UV radiation.We still mistake skin color for “other things”African Americans regardless of their habitation are commonly represented by Africannatives who are negatively affected by malaria and sickle cell disease.Other common connections we make between race and people are lactose intolerance.Archaeology AnthropologyStudy of the past ways of life or life ways and the analysis of material remains.Anthropologists feel that Archaeology is the study of ‘garbage’ because they are studyingmaterial remains of past individuals and cultures. Archaeology anthropologists seek tounderstand what makes humans human. Ethnography is the study of specific cultures and thegoal is to compare cultures in an attempt to devise theories about humanity and their overallculture.Applied AnthropologyApplied Anthropology is using academic skills of