1. Challenge of Cultural Relativism2. Ethnology of culture3. Universality4. Generality5. Cultural Change Mechanisms6. Challenge to Cultural Relativism7. Globalization8. Ethnographic ResearchANTH 210 Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture1. Challenge of Cultural Relativism2. Ethnology of culture3. Universality4. Generality5. Cultural Change Mechanisms6. Challenge to Cultural Relativism7. Globalization8. Ethnographic ResearchOutline of Current LectureEthnographic Research Fieldwork1. Process of Participant Observation2. Ethnography Techniques3. Observations4. Interviewing5. Genealogical Methods6. Interpretive Methods7. Local Beliefs and Perceptions in the Ethnographers Perspective8. Specialized Ethnography9. Team ResearchConclusionCurrent Lecture Process of Participant Observation- E.E. Evans Pritchard in Sudan and wrote a book Argonauts of the West Pacific- Bronisland Malinowski in the Trobriand Islands (Pacific)Ethnography Techniques1. Firsthand observation of behavior2. Conversation with degrees of formality3. Genealogical method4. Detailed work with key consultant5. In-depth interviewing6. Discovery of local beliefs and perceptions7. Problem- oriented research8. Longitudinal research9. Team researchObservationsExamples of observations are represented in field notes such a notebooks with notes.Individuals also use a personal diary. Anthropologists usually use two because the field notesrepresent the daily log of what they encountered that day but personal diaries were kept tokeep the logs on an individual’s personal thoughts and ideals towards the day.InterviewingInterview schedule: Ethnographer talks face to face with people, asks questions andwrites down answers.Questionnaire: Are a more indirect and impersonal approach.Interview schedule: Provided a direct structure but doesn’t confine the interviewer.Recording Interviews: This is a must when composing a formal interview and after theinterview the notes can be typed and stored.Genealogical MethodGenealogical Method: Procedures that discover and record connections of kinship,descent and marriage. Genealogy is a prominent building block in social organization ofnonnindustirl societies and is kin-based. Genealogical data helps understand current socialrelations and to connect and reconstruct history.Interpretive MethodsKey cultural consultants also known as key informants are the people who can providethe most complete information or useful information about particular aspects of life. Life historyreveals how specific people perceive, react to, and contribute to changes that affect their lives.Local Beliefs and Perceptions in the Ethnographers PerspectiveEthnic (native- oriented) approach investigates how people think and is provided bycultural consultants (informants). Etic (science- oriented) approach shifts focus from localobservations, categories, explanations, and interpretations to those of the anthropologist.Specialized EthnographyProblem-oriented ethnography: When most ethnographers investigate specific problemsand collect data relevant to that problem.Longitudinal research: Long term study of a community, religion, society, culture orother unit.Survey ResearchSurvey research design involves sampling, impersonal data, collections and statisticalanalysis. Survey research is usually common in large scale societies.ConclusionThe best studies show that the hallmark of ethnography remains the following:- Enter the community to know the people- Participate in local activities, networks, and associates- Observe and experience social conditions and problems- Watch the effects of national and international policies and programs on local