Exam 1 Study Guide ANTH 210Introduction to Anthropology1. Define anthropology.2. Describe the four types of anthropology. (Biological, Archaeological, Linguistic andCultural)3. Is applied anthropology a separate field or a cross cutting focus?4. Define Ethnography.5. Anthropologists that believe you must understand the whole way of life of a people arecalled what?6. Answer the following questions about the three areas of sub-specialization.Human Evolution: This category describes the evolution of man throughout time. The wordbipedalism is introduced; which means having two feet. Also this category highlights thecomponents of a family unit. Regardless of culture or ideals, a family is an example of a culturaluniversal because it highlights the importance of a family unit regardless of how a culture mightview the family structure.1. What is human evolution?2. What is the historical importance of bipedalism?3. Define the ideal of the need for family bonds?Primatology: This category discusses the ideal of human’s evolution from primates. Thiscategory also ties into “Human Evolution” because just as humans understand the importanceof family units the same ideals are represented through the primate family. Where the mother,father, and offspring are a clan or close groups of individuals.4. Define primatology.5. Review any ideals and information given in reference toprimatology.Biological variation in modern human populations. This category highlights the introduction ofrace to the world. This category discusses the biological differences between individuals ratherit be genetics or habitations.6. Understand the introduction of race in a physical and biologicalaspect.7. Race is an academic concept developed based on perceived physical differencesbetween human subgroups, attempting to determine genotype from phenotype.Genotype is an individual’s DNA, where as phenotype is physical characteristics thatcategorize an individual or group of people. These physical differences are now thoughtup without significant meaning and this can be defined as stereotype. A stereotype canbe defined by categorizing an individual or group of people based off of personal culturalideals and beliefs or physical characteristics. For example, Indian descendants might be known for having small religious markings(dots) on their face, African American’s might be known for having large lips orCaucasians as blonde hair and blue eyes.a. HINT: Race is a concept developed based on perceived physical differencesbetween human subgroups. Race isn’t a valid or useful biological variation.b. Define stereotype.The Evolution of Dark Skin: Dark skinned individuals are found all over the world but they havean adaptive advantage in regions closer to the equator. For example, in Tanzia severe sunburnindividuals can lead to infections and affect one’s ability to sweat. The individuals with dark skinprotect people from high Ultraviolet (UV) radiation.1. Individuals with dark skin reside closer to what? (HINT: Equator orNorth Pole)2. Understand the ideals of dark skin individuals.ii. The Evolution of Light Skin: Light skinned individuals evolved in regions inthe North where there are areas of low UV radiation; which means theyare commonly inhabitants of regions farther away from the equator thandark skinned individuals to decrease their risk of skin cancer. Manyscientists and individuals believe that light skinned people evolution isrelated to the synthesis of vitamin D from the sun and stimulation ofchemical compounds caused by UV radiation.1. Individuals with light skin reside in which region? (HINT: North orSouth)c. Is race justified by colonialism?d. Race is commonly mistaken for other things such as Malaria, Sickle Cell Allele andLactose Intolerance. Define each of the three categorizes and how they tie intorace.Four type of Anthropology8. Archeological Anthropology is the study of the past ways of life or life ways and theanalysis of material remains. Anthropologists feel that Archaeology is the study of‘garbage’ because they are studying material remains of past individuals and cultures.Archaeology anthropologists seek to understand what makes humans human.Ethnography is the study of specific cultures and the goal is to compare cultures in anattempt to devise theories about humanity and their overall culture.a. What does it mean when anthropologists state that archaeological anthropologyrefers to ‘garbage’?9. Linguistic Anthropologya. Understand the meaning of linguistic anthropology and all the sub-groups itpertains to.10. Cultural Anthropologya. Define ethnography.11. Biological Anthropology is covered under Race.Applied Anthropology is the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, andmethods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.12.a. Applied anthropology is using the academic skills of anthropology in real worldsituations. Understand the following.i. Biological- Forensicsii. Archaeology- Contract archaeologyiii. Linguistic- Studies of language for rhetoric and marketingiv. Cultural- Corporate and developmentIntroduction to CultureCulture is a set of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members ofa society. Culture is “learned, shared and symbolic”. Learned meaning there’s a processof ‘learning’ culture or enculturation. Enculturation is when on fully understands thecharacteristics and norms of a culture. Shared because there’s a problem with defininggroups of people by ethnicities so ideals and values are shared. Symbolic in a sensebecause there are meanings and ideas by which we understand the word. A perfectexample of culture under these three qualifications is language. Language is learned byindividuals, shared because it’s used as a sense of communication and symbolic becausecommunication isn’t just a commodity but it’s a privilege in some cultures.1. Define culture.a. Understand that culture attaches meaning tocommon life experiences.2. Characteristics of culturea. Culture is learned. Define enculturation.b. Cultural is shared. Define group and ethnicity.c. Culture is symbolic. It has a set of meanings andideas by which we understand.3.