Exam 1 Study Guide ANTH 210 Introduction to Anthropology 1 Define anthropology 2 Describe the four types of anthropology Biological Archaeological Linguistic and Cultural 3 Is applied anthropology a separate field or a cross cutting focus 4 Define Ethnography 5 Anthropologists that believe you must understand the whole way of life of a people are called what 6 Answer the following questions about the three areas of sub specialization Human Evolution This category describes the evolution of man throughout time The word bipedalism is introduced which means having two feet Also this category highlights the components of a family unit Regardless of culture or ideals a family is an example of a cultural universal because it highlights the importance of a family unit regardless of how a culture might view the family structure 1 What is human evolution 2 What is the historical importance of bipedalism 3 Define the ideal of the need for family bonds Primatology This category discusses the ideal of human s evolution from primates This category also ties into Human Evolution because just as humans understand the importance of family units the same ideals are represented through the primate family Where the mother father and offspring are a clan or close groups of individuals 4 Define primatology 5 Review any ideals and information given in reference to primatology Biological variation in modern human populations This category highlights the introduction of race to the world This category discusses the biological differences between individuals rather it be genetics or habitations 6 Understand the introduction of race in a physical and biological aspect 7 Race is an academic concept developed based on perceived physical differences between human subgroups attempting to determine genotype from phenotype Genotype is an individual s DNA where as phenotype is physical characteristics that categorize an individual or group of people These physical differences are now thought up without significant meaning and this can be defined as stereotype A stereotype can be defined by categorizing an individual or group of people based off of personal cultural ideals and beliefs or physical characteristics For example Indian descendants might be known for having small religious markings dots on their face African American s might be known for having large lips or Caucasians as blonde hair and blue eyes a HINT Race is a concept developed based on perceived physical differences between human subgroups Race isn t a valid or useful biological variation b Define stereotype The Evolution of Dark Skin Dark skinned individuals are found all over the world but they have an adaptive advantage in regions closer to the equator For example in Tanzia severe sunburn individuals can lead to infections and affect one s ability to sweat The individuals with dark skin protect people from high Ultraviolet UV radiation 1 Individuals with dark skin reside closer to what HINT Equator or North Pole 2 Understand the ideals of dark skin individuals ii The Evolution of Light Skin Light skinned individuals evolved in regions in the North where there are areas of low UV radiation which means they are commonly inhabitants of regions farther away from the equator than dark skinned individuals to decrease their risk of skin cancer Many scientists and individuals believe that light skinned people evolution is related to the synthesis of vitamin D from the sun and stimulation of chemical compounds caused by UV radiation 1 Individuals with light skin reside in which region HINT North or South c Is race justified by colonialism d Race is commonly mistaken for other things such as Malaria Sickle Cell Allele and Lactose Intolerance Define each of the three categorizes and how they tie into race Four type of Anthropology 8 Archeological Anthropology is the study of the past ways of life or life ways and the analysis of material remains Anthropologists feel that Archaeology is the study of garbage because they are studying material remains of past individuals and cultures Archaeology anthropologists seek to understand what makes humans human Ethnography is the study of specific cultures and the goal is to compare cultures in an attempt to devise theories about humanity and their overall culture a What does it mean when anthropologists state that archaeological anthropology refers to garbage 9 Linguistic Anthropology a Understand the meaning of linguistic anthropology and all the sub groups it pertains to 10 Cultural Anthropology a Define ethnography 11 Biological Anthropology is covered under Race Applied Anthropology is the application of anthropological data perspectives theory and methods to identify assess and solve contemporary social problems 12 a Applied anthropology is using the academic skills of anthropology in real world situations Understand the following i Biological Forensics ii Archaeology Contract archaeology iii Linguistic Studies of language for rhetoric and marketing iv Cultural Corporate and development Introduction to Culture Culture is a set of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of a society Culture is learned shared and symbolic Learned meaning there s a process of learning culture or enculturation Enculturation is when on fully understands the characteristics and norms of a culture Shared because there s a problem with defining groups of people by ethnicities so ideals and values are shared Symbolic in a sense because there are meanings and ideas by which we understand the word A perfect example of culture under these three qualifications is language Language is learned by individuals shared because it s used as a sense of communication and symbolic because communication isn t just a commodity but it s a privilege in some cultures 1 Define culture a Understand that culture attaches meaning to common life experiences 2 Characteristics of culture a Culture is learned Define enculturation b Cultural is shared Define group and ethnicity c Culture is symbolic It has a set of meanings and ideas by which we understand 3 Culture allows us to adapt to our environment and the experiences we have by virtue of the fact that we are human Anthropological Perspective 1 Define ethnocentrism 2 Cultural relativism is studying another culture from the perspective of your own culture When there s a connection between individuals and cultures An example is marriage because every individual or culture has some