What is theory of mind?Theory of Mind: an individual’s own theory of what other people might be thinking (also called metacognition)Exam 2 Study Guide: Lectures: 7 - 12 Lecture 7Describe the theories of child-rearing in the first 2 years of life (Erikson and Freud). What are the major milestones in emotional development in infancy? What is self-awareness? Know the role of temperament & goodness-of-fit for early psychosocial development. What is synchrony? Define attachment. Describe Type A, B,C and D babies. What is the AAI? What are the 3 types of attachment in adulthood? Theories of Child – RearingPsychoanalytic Theory: Conflicts during the oral and anal stages of early childhood shape the child’s adult personality. Erik Erikson believed that development occurred over the lifespan. He developed a schematic of 8 stages from birth to death.-Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrusto Infants will learn basic trust if the environment they are in is a secure place where their needs are met.- Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubto In this stage toddlers will either succeed or fail in acquiring a sense of self-control. Behaviorism: The emotions and personality of infants and children are molded as parents reinforce or punish a child’s behavior. Children repeat the behaviors that they observe.Cognitive Theory: Infants form an idea of what they should expect from other people in terms of relationships and behavior.Sociocultural Theory: Cultural and social interactions and circumstances play a fundamental role in the development of an infant. Ethnotheory is a sub-theory of sociocultural perspective, and is rooted in a specific culture or ethnic group. Major Emotional MilestonesHappiness- Smile in social settings- Laugh- 6 – 10 weeks- 3 – 4 monthsAnger - General distress- Real anger- Present at birth- 4 – 8 monthsFear - Stranger wariness, and separation anxiety - 8 – 12 monthsChildren develop more self – conscious emotions in the 2nd year as children become aware that they separate and unique individuals. These emotions are:- Shame- Embarrassment- Guilt- Envy- Pride(Sadness should not be seen in the first year) PSYCH 250 1st EditionWhat is Self Awareness?Self – Awareness is the realization that you are separate from others, and are your own unique individual. The “me-self” of this realization is usually seen between 15 and 18 months.What is the Role of Temperament and Goodness – of – fit?Temperament: refers to “constitutionally based individual differences” in: Emotions, Activity & Self-Control. Temperament has four different structures:- Easy (40% of babies)- Difficult (10% of babies)- Slow-to-warm-up (15% of babies- Unclassified ( 35% of babies)Babies who are classified as difficult will not necessarily always be difficult. The environment truly matters when it comes to determining the temperament of an infant. Goodness – of – Fit: the match between an infant’s temperament and his or her environment.What is Synchrony?Synchrony is the coordinated interaction between the infant and the care-giver that begins the process of attachments. (Vital for socioemotional development)What is the Still – Face Technique?Define AttachmentAttachment is the close emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver that developed over the first year of life. Attachment can be ordered into four classifications: A, B, C, D typesType A (Insecure – Avoidant)- Explores toys- Does not cry when caregiver leaves- Avoids or ignore caregiver once they returnType B (Secure)- Explores toys- May cry when caregiver leaving- Happy when caregiver returnsType C (Insecure – Resistant)- Little to no exploration of toys- Cries when caregiver leaves- Remains upset and angry upon caregivers returnType D (Disorganized):- Bizarre and inconsistent behavior with caregiver- Babies may be abused or neglected- Long – term outcomes are usually negativeWhat is AAI?The AAI is the Adult Attachment Interview. This interview taps current state of mind or adults that regards early attachment relationships with their care givers.What are the Three Types of Attachment in Adulthood?Secure Attachment: Individuals give an objective evaluation of childhood experiences. Their memories are clear, credible, and their dialog is coherent. Dismissing Attachment: Individuals insist on a lack of memories with their caregivers and have very stereotypical descriptions of memories (something they made up).These are usually the shortest interviews, and the individual is very negative about attachment in general. Preoccupied: Individuals give conflicted and confused statements. They do not make sense and are usually notcoherent in what they are saying. They may also be passive or have anger involved in the interview. Their memories generally do not match up to words.Lecture 8What is physical growth like during the play years? What is the “just so” phenomenon? Describe brain development from 2 - 6 years of age. What is the role of the prefrontal cortex from age 2 to 6? What is the role of the limbic system? Know the development of fine & gross motor skills during play years.What is physical growth like during the play years?Children become thinner between the ages of 2 and 6. A typical 6 year – old will weight 46 lbs. and be 46 inches tall however, there tends be a lot of variability in children, especially in terms of weight. Children’s growth can be influenced by a number of factors including: ethnicity and culture, SES, genes, and nutrition.What is the “Just So” Phenomenon? The “Just So” phenomenon is a child’s insistence that certain events and experiences occur in a particular manner or sequence. This insistence on having certain things “just so” declines around the age of 3. - Young children tend to be picky eaters and prefer “food rituals”- Specific bedtime routines- Insistence on wearing certain articles of clothingDescribe Brain Development from 2 - 6 Years of Age. A child’s brain grows much faster than their body, and by the age of 5, a child’s brain will be 90% of its adult weight. Children are also undergoing speed of processing (myelination). Myelination is the process of myelin being applied to neurons (allows action potentials to travel more efficiently. This allows the brain to engage in faster thinking and more abstract thinking, and children can do things that they couldn’t do before.What is