PSYCH 250 1st Edition Lecture 16 Part 2, Lecture 17, and Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. Transitioning to Middle SchoolII. Negative Effects of TechnologyIII. Erikson’s Stage: Identity vs. Role ConfusionIV. Ethnic IdentityV. Changes in Family RelationshipsVI. Autonomy and Relatedness in the Parent – Child RelationshipVII. Cliques and Crowds and the Effects of Peer PressureOutline of Current Lecture VIII. Adolescent DepressionIX. DelinquencyX. Emerging AdulthoodA. Biological AgingXI. Body Image and Eating DisordersXII. Drug Abuse and AddictionXIII. Postformal ThoughtXIV. Stereotype ThreatXV. College and it’s BenefitsCurrent LectureAdolescent DepressionDepression is the most common psychological disorder of adolescence. Depressive symptoms dramatically increase between the ages of 13 and 15, and girls are twice as likely to report depressive symptoms. Prior to adolescence, boys are more likely to show signs of depressive symptoms than girls, but after puberty and throughout most of adulthood, women are more likely to become depressed.There are many possible explanations for this:- Biological factors such as genes, and hormones- Different methods of coping between boys and girls (inward vs. outward) – girls tend to relive events (ruminate), and experience more life stressor than boys- The Gender Intensification Hypothesis: there is increased gender stereotyping in the beginnings of adolescence which leaves girls more vulnerable to depression.DelinquencyDelinquent behavior tends to increase in adolescence and declines later in early adulthood. When it comes to violent crime, boys exhibit more delinquent behavior than girls. There are many risk factors for delinquent behavior including:- Difficult temperament- Academic failure and low IQ- Rejection and antisocial peers- Context of the family and neighborhoodThere are two groups of adolescents who engage in delinquent behavior:Life – Course –Persistent Offenders- Antisocial behavior begins in early childhood and continues throughout adulthood- Early starters are at a high risk for becoming repeated offendersAdolescent –Limited Offender- Antisocial behavior starts at puberty and ends in later adolescence- Misconduct is often a result of peer contextAntisocial behavior is often developmental progression from early childhood, through middle childhood, and ultimately throughout adolescence. During early childhood, home is really a training ground, and children exposed to inept family management techniques, and coercive cycles of interactions with their parents may carry antisocial behavior to middle childhood where peer rejection and academic failure further enhances it. Eventually in adolescence, teens interact and get involved with deviant peers. Emerging AdulthoodEmerging adulthood refers to the period between the ages of 18 and 25. There are many new tasks that come with early adulthood including:- Leaving home- Beginning and completing one’s education- Achieving economic independence- Maintaining a long-term romantic relationship (marriage)- Beginning a familyThe transition into adulthood is rather gradual and the “markers” of adulthood are reached later. During emerging adulthood, there is a period of lengthened identity formation as individuals receive more education and later enter into careers.*Pathways into adulthood are diverse in sequence and timing* different for everyoneThe period of emerging adulthood is also the peak of physiological functioning. During the early 20s, physical strength and endurance, sensory acuteness, and the responsiveness of the immune system are at peak levels. Biological AgingHowever, after this initial peak, the body begins to gradually decline through a process called Senescence: refers to the process of genetically influenced biological aging that is universal in humans.This decline is gradual and occurs asynchronously (some body parts decline quicker than others). There are differences in the aging process between individuals because of genetics, lifestyle choices, environment, and current time period (better health care).Individuals are equipped with certain mechanisms to keep the body in a state of balance:Homeostasis: equilibrium of the body is maintained through interactions between all of the body’s systems (temperature, heart rate, etc.)Organ Reserve: this refers to the extra capacity of the organs in young adults to allow the body to cope with stress and physiologic extremes (hearing)Body Image and Eating DisordersYoung adults in their early 30s are healthy, active, and strong, and a low number of 19-20 year olds report being concerned about their appearance. However, young adults spend more money on clothes and shoes than any other age group.Emerging adults state that their body image is the most important predictor of their overall self – esteem. However, this is what can lead to eating disorders.Anorexia Nervosa: a very serious eating disorder, in which the victims are usually high achieving females in early puberty or late adulthood. Diagnosis is based on these four symptoms:o Refusal to maintain a weight that is at least 85% normalo Intense fear or weight gaino Disturbance (dislike) of body weight or shapeo Amenorrhea – the absence of three consecutive menstrual cyclesBulimia Nervosa: a serious eating disorder in which a person repeatedly binges and then purges (vomiting or laxatives). This disorder is three times as common as anorexia.There are many theories about the reasoning behind eating disorders:- Psychoanalytic: disorders are a result of an overbearing mother- Behaviorism: based off a system of reinforcements and rewards- Cognitive: disturbance with body image and appearance- Sociocultural: cultural pressure to thin, and model – like- Epigenetic: result from either an adaptive postponement of fertility, or a maladaptive suppression of fertilityDrug Abuse and AddictionThe term “edgework” refers to occupations or recreational activities that involve danger and/or taking a risk. The idea of “living on the edge” makes edgework appealing to some individuals.Drug abuse and addiction involve a range of drugs from legal, to highly illegal. However, legality becomes irrelevant when it comes to the impact of drugs on human health and well – being. Drug Abuse: refers to the activity of using drugs that impair physical, cognitive, or psychological well - beingDrug Addiction: refers the dependence of a