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U-M PSYCH 250 - Development in the First Two Years
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Lecture 5 PSYCH 250 1st EditionOutline of Last Lecture I. Stages of Prenatal DevelopmentA. Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal II. Risk Reduction and DeterminationIII. Types of TeratogensIV. Three Stages of LaborV. Methods of DeliveryVI. Birth WeightA. Pre-Term, Low Birth Weight and Small for Gestational AgeOutline of Current Lecture VII. Infant Body ChangesVIII. Influences in Early GrowthIX. Brain Development in InfancyA. Influences on Brain DevelopmentX. Sensations and PerceptionsXI. Reflexes and Motor DevelopmentCurrent LectureThe first two years for an infant is a period of rapid growth and development. An infant’s weight will triple by age 1, and quadruples by age 2. These intense growth periods are called “spurts” and occur mostly during early childhood and then again in adolescence.Babies often have a hard time controlling their body temperature and are covered in a layer of fat. This baby fat is often most prevalent at 9 months.Nutrition is a necessity for body growth and brain development. If a child is in a state of malnutrition, the body stops growing, nutrients are directed to the brain so that it can continue growth and development. This is called Head-Sparing. (Reason why children who are severely malnourished have large heads and small bodies)Heredity, Nutrition, and Emotional Well-Being are three factors with the most influence on growth during early childhood.Breast-Feeding: Recent evidence has shown that breast-feeding tends to be the option most beneficial for the infant. Breast Milk: Provides the right combination and balance of protein and fat Is nutritionally complete (contains all essential nutrients) Provides protection from diseases Promotes healthy body growth Doesn’t cost anything, and is usually much safer than traditional formulaMany factors determine whether or not a woman will breast feed, maternal age and education (about breast feeding) and ethnicity are three of the biggest determinants. Older women and those who are more educated about the benefits are more likely to breast feed, whereas younger women and African Americans are less likely.Sleeping: Infants sleep about 15-17 hours per day. However these hours do not occur all at once. No newborn should be “sleeping through the night” or for more than 6 straight hours, as they can be dehydrated. An infant is dreaming during the majority of their sleep as dreaming is necessary for brain growth and development. By 3 months of age a child will show distinct “sleepy” and “awake” faces and by age 1, most babies will be able to sleep through the night.Crying: For the first 6 weeks after birth a newborn will cry between 2 and 3 hours a day. After 6 weeks, crying will begin to decline as the Central Nervous System matures. Babiescry in response to startling or unnerving stimuli, and to express their physical needs (hungry, tired, diaper change).Brain Development During Early Childhood The brain grows rather quickly, and can reflect the experiences of the child.At birth the brain is already 25% of its adult weight, and by age 2, the brain will be 75% of its adult weight. Rapid development of neural connections also accompanies the maturation of the brain, and most of these connections occur in the cerebral cortex. The new rapid connections are known as Transient Exuberance, and by age 2 over 15,000 connections will have been made with over 100 trillion synapses.Synaptic Pruning: after these new connections are made, the ones are not excessively used are eliminated by the brain to allow for more brain power to be given to those connections that are excessively used.Throughout early childhood there are certain that we expect children to be exposed to, and factors that vary across cultures and family practices. These are Experience-Expectant & Experience Dependent Influences.Experience – - Brain only requires very basic life experienceExpectant - These are things we expect all children to be exposed too (i.e. language**, sounds, sights etc.)Experience – Dependent- Brain processes depend on exposure to particular objects, or events.- Infants are exposed to different language and sounds depending on culture or family practices (taking music lessons, knowing the English language)**At When it comes to language development, all infants are bornwith the ability to perceive sounds from all language. By 6 months,infants begin to tune into sounds that pertain to the language they will speak.In addition to these influences are Sensitive Periods. These are periods in which it is crucial for the child to develop certain areas of the brain and thinking processes. This can be shown through a study conducted of Romanian orphanages. Children from ages birth – 3 ½ years were raised in Romanian orphanages and later adopted by British families. Many of the children were small and undernourished when they were adopted,and dramatic catch-ups were made in their physical growth. However, children who were adopted after 6 months of age showed little cognitive gain. The longer these children were institutionalized, the more severe their learning deficits were.Sensation and PerceptionA baby has sensation (senses that can detect a stimulus) long before they have perception (mental understanding of the sensory stimulus).An infant has all five senses present at birth, while some may be more functional than others, each sense can perform its basic functions. Hearing for example, is rather sharp at birth. Newborns prefer human voices over anything other noise, and are startled by loud or sudden noises. Seeing, however, is the sense that is the least developed at birth. Newborns see best at a distance between 8-12 inches from his or her face. Binocular vision (using both eyes to focus) develops at about 14 weeks of age, and 20/20 “adult” vision has developed by 1 year. Newborns prefer to look at faces, and will prefer their own mother’s face over any others.Developmental Goals for Hearing and VisionHearing VisionAt 2 months infants can locate andperceive where sounds are coming fromBy 2 – 3 months of age a baby can visually process color, binocular vision has developedallowing them to focusBetween 4 – 7 months infantsdevelopment a sense of musicalphrasing (they can understand thatmusic has a pattern and rhythm)At 6 months, babies can see further, and canactively scan a room or track an object as itmoves.From 6 – 8 months infants tune outsounds from non-native


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U-M PSYCH 250 - Development in the First Two Years

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