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U-M PSYCH 250 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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PSYCH 250 1st EditionExam 1 Study Guide: Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1Introduction to Developmental PsychologyWhat are the characteristics of development? What are some common research methods used to test psychology? Relatedly, what are the three research designs? Name the parts of an experiment.The Characteristics of Development are: Multidirectional: Continuity and discontinuity among individuals. Multicontextual: Circumstances affecting the developing individual. The three contexts discussed in lecture are: Historical: Cohorts are all the persons born within a few years of each other. Socioeconomic Status: Schools, nutrition, and parental income Cultural: Values, beliefs, technologies, customs, and behavior Multidisciplinary: Psychology cannot be studied without multiple disciplines (Biology, Physiology, Anthropology, Education, Neuroscience etc.)Plasticity: Refers to the possibility of change. In order to remain functional and resilient, learningmust be plastic. Human traits can be molded yet, people maintain a sense of durability, and identity.Common Research Methods:Scientific Observation: requires the researcher to record the behavior objectively. These observations could occur in a naturalistic OR scientific setting where scientists can document how an individual responds to a given situation. Cause and effect CAN NOT be concluded here because the study is based off of observation. Conclusions will be based on CORRELATION.Experiment: Experiments are highly controlled and are conducted to show a cause and effect. The Survey: The survey method asks a group of individuals many questions pertaining to a specific subject. Way to attain quick and direct data, may not include in-depth answers, has the potential to be biased. The Case Study: Case studies are in-depth studies of one individual. They are good starting points for further, but do not allow the research to be general across populations.Research DesignsCross-Sectional: Most convenient, quickest, and least expensive to study developmental change.Focuses on different groups of people, at different ages, at the same point in time. Downfall: it cannot show the change in development over time.Longitudinal: Data is collected on the same individuals over time. Researchers can document significant changes throughout development. Study is limited: very expensive, and has the risks of client death or drop-out.Cross-Sequential: Combines both the Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal methods. Several groups of people are studied and then followed longitudinally. Most accurate way of collecting data, it’svery expensive, and very limited. Parts of an Experiment- Hypothesis: the question, or reason for performing the experiment (must be testable)- Control Group: Group that receives NO special treatment- Experimental Group: Group that receives special treatment- Independent Variable: the special treatment that the experimental group is receiving- Dependent Variable: the factor that is subject to change (depends on everything else) REMEMBER!!! CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATIONLecture 2What is theory and how does it help describe human behavior? What are the Grand Theories? What are the Emergent Theories? Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each. What is an eclectic perspective?A theory is a systematic set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior. Theories provide hypotheses, generate discoveries, and offer practical guidance to understanding human behavior.The Grand Theories are:Psychoanalytic: Sigmund Freud, id (what you want to do), ego (what you do), superego (what you should do), governed by unconscious sexual drives, five stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital). Freud believed these stages all occurred in childhood and that later adult character was built upon these stages. (Erik Erikson built his psychosocial model after Freud. This model contained 8 stages and stated that social interactions were key to development). DISADVANTAGE: relied on the unconscious and was not measurable or testable.Behaviorism: James Watson, and B.F. Skinner, classical conditioning (A neutral stimulus becomesassociated with a meaningful stimulus) operant condition (learning through punishment and reinforcement).The social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandera was an extension of behaviorism and states that: behavior is learned through imitation (bobo doll experiment). DISADVANTAGE: behaviorism does not give any place for genetics, and insists behavior is completely environmental.Cognitive Theory: Developed by Jean Piaget who proposed that development occurred in four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operations, and formal operations. These stagesoccurred during childhood and the last stage (formal op.) continued through adulthood. Piaget also presented two types of cognitive adaptations: assimilation (adding information to existing schemes) and accommodation (changing existing schemes to fit new information). DISADVANTAGE: minimizes emotional responses The Emergent Theories are: Sociocultural Theory: Developed by Lev Vygotsky, states that development results from the dynamic interaction between the person & their culture. Emphasis is placed on guided participation (learning from other members of society) and the zone of proximal development (metaphorical area consisting of the skills and knowledge the learner could attain with guidance).Evolutionary Theory: Highly controversial theory based on Darwin’s ideas that all humans are essentially alike. This theory states that humans are driven by their basic need to survive & reproduce. We behave the way we do because of selective adaptation (favorable traits are passed on, and undesirable traits are screened out).Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory: states that development is dynamic and no one can be truly understood when they are in isolation. Development depends on the connections between the individual and his or her social networks.What is Eclectic Perspective?No one theory is completely correct about development. An eclectic perspective takes aspects from each theory and applies them to researching development.Lecture 3What is the genetic code and the key terms for heredity? What are the patterns of inheritance? What are some of the main findings from behavior genetics research (and key terms)? What arechromosomal abnormalities?What is the Genetic Code and the Key Terms for Heredity?The


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U-M PSYCH 250 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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