Psych 1101 Test 2 Review on scantron be sure to put last name and first intial and student ID number Sensation and perception About detecting and interpreting sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus information from our environment Bottom up processing is analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain s integration of sensory information Rods and cones afferent neurons retinas hair cells luner ears olfactory receptors nasal passages taste buds tongue touch receptors skin perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events Top down processing is information processing guided by our experience and expectations breaking down into component parts sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons they arrive at the central nervous system motor neurons are also known as efferent neurons they exit the central nervous system Sensory adaptation sensory adaptation refers to diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation The phenomenon of sensory adaptation enables us to focus our attention on information changes in our environment without being distracted by uninformative background stimulation Perception perception is influenced by our experiences our learned assumptions and beliefs as well as by sensory input through experience we form concepts i e schemas which organize and interpret unfamiliar information a given stimulus may trigger radically different perceptions partly because of our different schemas but also because of the immediate context Sensation and Perception Notes Sensory receptors are specialized neuron cells transform one sort of information to another translation to a different language perception is something you get unconsciously and judgment is a conscious perception offaction is a sensory labeling system bottom up processing is when you put individual components together and they form as a whole virtual reality is exposing an individual to virtual Be familiar with stages of prenatal development zygote embryo fetus 1 Germinal stage conception to two weeks zygote fertilized egg cell division produces a zygote of some 100 cells cells begin to differentiate to specialize in structure and function 2 Embryonic stage 2 to 8 weeks of gestation about 10 days after conception the zygote s outer cells become the placenta and attach to the mother s uterine wall the inner cells become the embryo 3 Fetal stage 9 weeks to birth by 9 weeks after conception the embryo looks human and is now a fetus at each prenatal stage genetic and environmental factors affect development The placenta transfers nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus Age of viability age at which a fetus can survive outside the womb around 24 weeks know what teratogens are 1 street recreational drugs 2 therapeutic drugs 3 caffeine 4 nicotine 5 alcohol fetal alcohol syndrome FAS 6 environmental chemicals lead 7 maternal infectious diseases Natural Challenges Mothers have to pay attention to nutrition maternal stress Piaget stage theorist Stages of cognitive development in order Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development Jean Piaget cognition refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating the mind tries to make sense of experience by forming schemas concepts or frameworks that organize and interpret information cats and dogs cars and trucks 1 assimilation process of interpreting new information based on our current understandings schemas 2 accommodation to adjust our current understanding or schemas to incorporate new information creating new categories bears and SUVs Infancy and Childhood Cognitive Development Jean Piaget sensorimotor stage birth to age 2 children experience the world through their senses and actions by about 8 months an infant exhibits object permanence an awareness that things still exist even when they are out of sight preoperational stage 3 to 6 cannot mentally manipulate info marked by egocentricity that is they cannot perceive things from another s point of view concrete operational stage 7 to 12 about to think logically about concrete events grasp concrete analogies and comprehend mathematical transformations principle of conservation volume remains constant despite container s shape formal operational stage 12 reasoning expands from the purely concrete to encompass abstract thinking hypothetical thinking Concept of object permanence an awareness that things exist even when they are out of sight Vygotsky read on him your environment affects your development Cognitive Development Lev Vygotsky Vygotsky emphasized the role of the social environment in the child s cognitive development the child was a young apprentice mentored by parents and others who by giving them new words provided a temporary scaffold from which children can step to higher levels of thinking Vygotsky vs Piaget while Piaget focused on how the child s mind grows through interaction with the physical environment Lev Vygotsky emphasized the role of the social environment Know the different parenting styles authoritative authoritarian Parenting Styles 1 authoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedience 2 permissive parents submit to their children s desires make few demands and use little punishment 3 authoritative parents are both demanding and responsive Children with the highest selfesteem self reliance and social competence generally have warm concerned and authoritative parents Know the attachments responsiveness of mother or caregiver baby cries mother might feed child or might not How does that relate to the child s attachment Social and Emotional Development Attachment attachment the attachment bond is a survival impulse that keeps infants close to their caregivers infants become attached to their parents primary caregivers satisfy biological needs nourishment provide body contact that is soft and warm failure to thrive Strange Situation Ainsworth children roughly 60 display secure attachment they play comfortably in their mother s presence are distressed when she leaves and seek contact when she returns insecurely attached less likely to explore their surroundings and when their mother leaves cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to her going and returning parents sensitivity and responsiveness to the child can influence attachment style Erikson psycho social