BIOL 320 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 6 10 Lecture 6 Rh Factor Blood Developmental Aspects the Cardiovascular System Understand the Rh factor for blood What s erythroblastosis fetalis What does blood develop from in early and late fetal development Understand the heart and its structure characteristics Rh Factor Rh no antigens are present on the RBC RH at least one antigen is present on the RBC Erythroblastosis Fetalis Hemolytic disease of the newborn Subfield in psychology devoted to understanding psychological influences on Description o Mother is Rh and baby is Rh first pregnancy will be ok Second pregnancy with Rh mother and Rh baby is a problem because the mother now is sensitized and agglutination occurs when mother and baby s blood mix The baby becomes anemic and hypoxic In severe cases brain damage and even death may result Treatment o The baby can be treated with pre birth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth o RhoGAM serum containing anti Rh antibodies agglutinins can prevent the Rh mother from becoming sensitized By agglutinating the Rh factor it blocks the mother s immune response and prevents her sensitization Developmental Aspects Early fetal development blood cells produced in yolk sac liver and spleen Late fetal development blood cells produced in blood islands mesenchyme cells where bone marrow comes from which occurs in third trimester around month 7 Fetal blood also has specific kind of hemoglobin HbF HbF has a higher affinity for oxygen consequently CO2 as well This higher affinity ensures the developing baby will get enough oxygen Cardiovascular System Heart the pump Pericardium Flow of Blood Valves Heart Sounds Lecture 7 Coronary Circulation Heart A P Conduction System of the Heart Understand the structures necessary for coronary circulation and its pathway What are clinical correlations to disruptions of coronary circulation Know the histological characteristics of cardiac tissue How does the heart beat and contract What are the physiological events that occur Know the parts of the conduction system of the heart What regulates heart rate What are the parts of an ECG and what do they mean in respect to heart activity Know the heart dysfunctions discussed in class Coronary Circulation Left coronary artery branches Right coronary artery branches Veins that drain the heart Clinical Correlations of Coronary Circulation Angina pectoris Myocardial infarction Heartburn Histology of Heart Cardiac muscle cells usually mono or di nucleated still striated stretched together with endomysium and joined together by intercalated discs Desmosomes prevent cell separation help stick together Gap junctions where the ions pass through for electrical current firing of heart starts from the pacemaker cells Heart Physiology Action Potential of Contractile Cardiac Muscle Cells 1 Depolarization is due to sodium ion influx through fast voltage gated sodium channels A positive feedback cycle rapidly opens many sodium channels reversing the membrane potential Channel inactivation ends this phase 2 Plateau phase is due to calcium ion influx through slow calcium channels This keeps the cell depolarized because few potassium channels are open 3 Repolarization is due to calcium channels inactivating and potassium channels opening This allows potassium ion efflux which brings the membrane potential back to its resting voltage Action Potentials of Auto rhythmic Cells 1 Pacemaker potential this slow depolarization is due to both opening of sodium channels and closing of potassium channels 2 Depolarization the action potential begins when the pacemaker potential reaches threshold Depolarization is due to calcium ion influx through calcium channels 3 Repolarization is due to calcium channels inactivating and potassium channels opening This allows potassium efflux which brings the membrane potential back to its most negative voltage o 1 of cardiac muscle cells are auto rhythmic o Slowly allow leakage of potassium efflux during refractory Conduction System of the Heart SA Node main pacemaker of the heart o Stimulates both atria of the heart o Sends signals to the AV Node o Rate 70 75 beats per minute AV Node o Delays signal received from the AV Node o If there is a problem with the SA Node AV Node can run heart but very slow as low as 40 beats per minute o Delay 0 1 second Bundle of His o Electrical connection from atria from two nodes to the ventricles Bundle Branches o Purkinje fibers o Fibers to papillary muscles Order of Contraction 1 Atria 2 Papillary muscles to ensure the AV valve stays shut 3 Ventricles Regulation of HR Sympathetic ANS Parasympathetic ANS Bainbridge Reflex Endocrine Regulation Electrocardiograph ECG Deflection Waves of ECG o P wave o QRS complex o T wave Abnormal ECG Tracings o Junctional rhythm o Second degree heart block o Ventricular fibrillation Heart Dysfunctions Arrhythmia Fibrillation Ectopic focus Bradycardia Tachycardia Lecture 8 Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Output Stroke Volume Blood Vessels Understand the cardiac cycle integrating the deflection waves on an ECG cardiac pressure ventricular volume and valve activity Understand cardiac output and how it is altered What are the three factors that regulate stroke volume What are the three congenital heart defects discussed in lecture What are the three layers of the blood vessels What are different types of blood vessels and their composition Know differences between arteries capillaries veins etc Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Output CO HR x SV Ways to Increase CO Regulation of Stroke Volume SV EDV ESV Preload Contractility Afterload Congenital Heart Defects Ventricular Septal Defect Coarctation of the Aorta Tetralogy of Fallot Blood Vessels Layers Tunics o Tunica intima o Tunica media o Tunica externa Types Lecture 9 Blood Vessels Hemodynamics What are the three types of capillaries What were the three topics addressed in hemodynamics What are the resistance factors What are the relationships between blood flow and pressure resistance including resistance factors Know how blood flow can be regulated Understand blood pressure and its regulation short and long term Understand vasomotor center regulation specifically the baroreceptor reflex Types of Capillaries Hemodynamics Blood flow o Continuous capillaries o Sinusoids o Fenestrations Blood pressure Resistance peripheral resistance o Factors Blood viscosity Blood vessel length Blood vessel diameter Blood Flow Relationships Blood flow directly