NSC 170C1 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I Foods to Eat Outline of Current Lecture I Diabetes A Development B Types C Management Current Lecture I II III Diabetes diabetes mellitus A A group of diseases characterized by the body s inability to regulate the levels of glucose in the bloodstream B Causes i Decreased ability of the pancreas to produce insulin ii Decreased response to insulin within the body iii A combination of both decreased insulin production and decreased insulin sensitivity How does diabetes develop A Type 1 diabetes develops when the body s immune system destroys cells in the pancreas that make insulin B Type 2 diabetes begins as insulin resistance the inability of the cells to respond to insulin C In both types the body is unable to utilize glucose in the bloodstream and shifts into fasting mode i The liver breaks down its glycogen stores ii Blood glucose can become so high that it spills into urine iii The body attempts to burn fat producing acidic ketone bodies iv Ketoacidosis occurs if ketone bodies build up to dangerous levels and can result in coma or death v Insulin Resistance Cases of diabetes is on the rise A Over 10 percent of American adults have diabetes B There was a 15 percent increase in diabetes between 2005 and 2007 C D E F In 1990 fewer than 4 percent of children had type 2 diabetes Now up to 45 percent of new cases of diabetes in children are type 2 Diabetes was the 7th leading cause of death in the United States in 2006 Medical costs associated with diabetes in the United States are more than 150 billion annually VI Type 1 diabetes A An autoimmune disease in which the body s immune cells destroy the insulin producing cells in the pancreas B Usually begins in childhood or early adult years C Accounts for only 5 to 10 percent of diabetes cases in the United States D Symptoms include increased thirst frequent urination blurred vision hunger weight loss and fatigue E Must self administer insulin daily using either a syringe insulin pen insulin jet injector or insulin pump VII Type 2 diabetes A Characterized by resistance of the body cells to the effects of the hormone insulin i As a result of insulin resistance the cells of the pancreas produce more insulin ii Overproduction of insulin can lead to eventual exhaustion of the insulin producing cells iii Patients may have to take medication and or insulin to manage blood glucose levels B Accounts for 90 to 95 percent of diabetes cases in the United States C Risk factors for type 2 diabetes i Overweight and obesity ii 66 percent of American adults are overweight or obese iii Of children diagnosed with type 2 diabetes as many as 85 percent are overweight or obese iv A combination of overeating and sedentary lifestyle contributes D Heredity i Strong genetic influence on your risk for type 2 diabetes ii Certain ethnic groups have significantly higher rates than Caucasian Americans VIII Prediabetes A Term for people who are at increased risk of developing diabetes but do not currently have the disease B Impaired fasting glucose blood glucose level is higher than normal after an overnight fast but not high enough to classify as diabetes C Impaired glucose tolerance blood glucose level is higher than normal after a 2 hour oral glucose tolerance test but not high enough to classify as diabetes D 16 million people over age 40 have prediabetes E What Are the Long Term Consequences of Diabetes iii Nerve damage iv Poor wound healing and decreased ability to fight infection v Impaired vision vi Dental problems vii Kidney problems viii Heart disease and stroke F Gestational Diabetes i Occurs in 7 percent of pregnancies in the United States ii Usually appears after about the 20th week of pregnancy iii Cause unknown but pregnancy related hormones appear to lead to insulin resistance iv High blood glucose can cause problems for the baby including abnormally large size difficulty breathing or birth defects XIV How can diabetes be managed A B C D Adopt a Healthy Well Balanced Diet Participate in Regular Physical Activity Nutrition and Exercise Can Help Prevent Type 2 Diabetes For individuals with diabetes the ADA recommends a diet consisting of i High fiber carbohydrates from whole grains fruits and vegetables ii Low fat milk iii Adequate amounts of lean protein iv Unsaturated fats E Glycemic index GI i Compares the rise peak and fall of the blood glucose curve following consumption of a particular carbohydrate intense food to that of an equal amount of white bread F Glycemic load GL i Adjusts the GI to take into account the amount of carbohydrate consumed in a typical serving of a food ii Both the GI and the GL classify the effects of carbohydratecontaining foods on blood glucose