HIST 2620 1nd EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 28 - 35Lecture 28 (Topic 13)Bay of Pigs-JFK inherited this plan through Eisenhower- he authorized the CIA to overthrow Castro thinking that the Cuban people would be supportive of this invasion, which was false-the goal: overthrow Castro and the establishment of a non-communist government -the invasion: April 15th the CIA used bombers painted like the Cuban’s air force, the bombers missed many of their targets, which left them exposed to the Cuban’s and it became known that they were U.S. planes-April 17th the invasion force landed on the Bay of Pigs and came under heavy fire, two ships sunk, and the air support was half destroyed -Castro’s response was to send 20,000 troops to the beaches, and send more fighter planes to control the skies-since the U.S. airmen arrived late it left the Cubans to dominate the battle leaving more than a 100 Americans killed-it became an embarrassment for JFK because he failed to achieve the mission and failed to show the Soviets what he could do, from then on tension grew between Cuba and the U.S. Cuban Missile Crisis -Tension between the U.S. and Cuba grew more-Soviets befriend Castro so that they can put missiles on Cuban land-once JFK learns about their plan he set up a naval blockade to prevent from doing any more and he asked Krushchev to remove the missiles and he did-October 16th JFK and his adivsors discuss what to do about the missiles discovered in Cuba -JFK decides to send a quarantine of naval ships around Cuba-American citizens believed the war was coming to an end because of the Soviet missiles possibly firing -Oct. 26th Krushchev sends a coded cable to JFK saying they’ll remove the missiles if the U.S. doesn’t invade Cuba and take out their missiles that are in Turkey-both parties agreeLecture 29 (Topic 13) JFK and Civil Rights -JFK voted against Eisenhower on the 1957 Civil Rights Act-he supports the act because it will give him more votes from the African Americans for his next election-he wanted to improve healthcare and wages for the poor-Freedom Rides: in 1961 civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to challenge the Supreme Court decisions Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia and Boynton v. Virginia, which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. Police arrested riders for trespassing and violating state and local Jim Crow laws, but they often first let white mobs attack them without intervention-Birmingham: received national and international attention for civil rights struggle for African-Americans; movement's activists were led by Fred Shuttlesworth- preacher who became legendary for his fearlessness in the face of violence, especially while racists bombed the city known as "Bombingham";Shuttlesworth requested that Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference come to Birmingham to help end segregation; they launched "Project C"; during April and MayLecture 30 (Topic 14) LBJ and the Great Society -LBJ was sworn in after JFK’s assassination -masterful politician-consensus politics- he knew how to get things done-domestic affairs=Great Society-foreign affairs- containment meaning he was determined to win the Cold War-Vietnam overshadow all of the domestic affairs, it received everyone’s attention-he stressed continuity-keep JFK’s cabinet, he eventually and secretively brought in his own people-sets agenda for U.S.-Civil Rights legislations, Tax reduction, fiscal responsibility-he wanted to do what JFK had originally planned, his death allowed for his agenda to go through-LBJ said it was a way to honor JFK-1964 Civil Rights Act made racial discrimination in public areas illegal, required employers to provide jobs, called for uniform voting standards-Great Society: Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965- more than $1 billion to help schools purchase materials and start special education programs to schools with a high concentration of low-income children; HigherEducation At of 1965- increased federal money given to universities, created scholarships and low-interest loans for students; Medical Care Act of 1965- to help states provide medical coverage for low-income families and other categorically related individuals who meet eligibility requirements; Model CitiesProgram: develop new antipoverty programs and alternative forms of municipal government; Voting Rights Act in 1965-It eliminated various devices, such as literacy tests, excluded discrimination -Vietnam: caused tremendous doubts; Vietnam was dominated by China, they wanted their independence, becomes a part of French Indochina-to extract wealth, the French tried to push Catholicism in a heavily populated Buddhist area; Lecture 31 (Topic 15)Vietnam -Viet Minh: wanted to become independent and communist; they wanted the U.S. to support them but the states said no; came from the north and went to the south-national liberation front-Ho Chi Minh: initiated actions for Vietnam to get their independence; he plagiarized theU.S. declaration of independence -U.S. does not recognize the independence of Vietnam because they desire to be communist-U.S. aids South Vietnam to support the citizens who didn’t want to become communists-Dien Bien Phu was a location of the battle that led to the Geneva Conference; battle between the French and Vietnam-Geneva Conference of 1954 was when the decided to establish North and South Vietnam; the North was called the Democratic Republic ran by Ho Chi Minh; South Vietnam was called the Republic of Vietnam led by Emperor Bo Dai and eventually the Prime Minister-Prime Minister was Ngo Dinh Diem who was appointed by the U.S. to act as our puppetLecture 32 (Topic 15)Vietnam -Diem violates the Geneva Convention by attacking the North which “goes against the rules”; Diem wanted the NLF out of South Vietnam-Viet Cong- the people in the south called the people from the north Viet Cong.; when they came to the south they called themselves the national liberation front-Kennedy’s escalation of the war: increased the number of advisors-Johnson changed the nature of the Vietnam fighting by bombing them to scare them; he secretly ordered attacks; had the navy sail around Vietnam to surround them; the goal was to stop NLF and their activities -Gulf of