Physiology 206 1STedition Lecture 35 Outline of Last Lecture I Glucagan II Calcium III Bone IV Vitamin D Diabetes Outline of Current Lecture I Disorders II Reproductive System a Male b Female Current Lecture Disorders Hyperparathyroid usually caused by tumor symptoms all related to loss of bone density 1 muscle weakness 2 depresses neural activity 3 depresses activity of the heart Hyperparathyroid people have bad memory depression kidney stones and increasing fragility Hypoparathyroid is very rare Get spasms twitches tingling sensations Complete lack of parathyroid hormone can cause death by spasms in Respiratory System Vitamin D deficency has reduced capacity to absorb calcium In adults loss of bone density In kids causes Ricketts legs bowed Osteoporisis bone density decreases After 50 there is change in rate of matrix These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute More common in women Normal levels of plasma calcium and phosphate levels Symptoms include being bent over Reproductive System Gonads Testes testosterone Ovaries Estrogen Progestorone Male Scrotal temp 92 F Important because sperm doesn t develop at normal body temp Scotal muscles under reflexive control when cold bring testes up when warm relax them away from body A way of birth control was that guy would sit on steam radiator before sex Descent of testes from body cavity to scrotum happens around 2 months before birth testosterone starts this descent if boy baby has testes that aren t descended give testorterone Undescended testes in adult called Cryptochidism sterile Testes 75 Seminiferous Tubules sperm development 25 Interstitial or Leydig Cells secrete testosterone Seminifersous Tubles embedded in Interstitial Cells place where there is the most testosterone in the body testosterone is a steroid diffuses into S T and promotes production of sperm also gets into blood stream and has other target cells In absence of testosterone in fetus will develop into a femal characteristics testosterone gives male characteristics secretion usually ends at birth and then doesn t start again until puberty Average of 13 testosterone starts again S T starts producing sperm Testosterone is important for growth and maturation of reproduction system and continued supply of testosterone is important for its maintence A male that is castrated before puberty is called Eunuch never develops sex characteristics of a male Used as the keepers of the wives of the wealthy Used to keep young soprano voices high in Europe Mozart came about 15 minutes from being castrated Testosterone promotes protein synthesis and bone growth Protein synthesis most striking in muscle promotes muscle growth Bone growth reason why boys have growth spurts come from spurts of testosterone Causes the ossification at the ends of the growth plates Functions of Testes controlled by Pituitary Hormones LH ICSH effects the Interstitial or Leydig cells makes them secrete testosterone FSH stimulates the generation of new sperm cells both produced by anterior pituitary in hypothalamus GNRH stimulates the 2 pituitary glands before puberty hypothalamus produce very little GNRH so LH FSH don t secrete so don t make sperm At 13 hypothalamus discovers it s time to secrete GNRH which makes other stuff happen and this continues throughout life Female Women have Ovarian Cycle once girls begin puberty oscilate between 2 phases 1 Follicular phase 2 Luteal Phase this cycle is usually around 28 days interrupted during pregnancy ended at menopause Every ovary has a Primary Follicle consists of egg and follicular hairs granulosa cells proliferate a little follicle filled with fluid with egg embedded inside follicular cells produce estrogen fluid in follicles is estrogen primarily estradiol some of this gets into blood stream one of the follicles grows faster than all other called the Graafian Follicle about 14 days into cycle graafian follicle ruptures and edd is released and estrogen fluid This defines the end of the follicular phase after G F ruptures the follicular cells are left on surface of ovary start to turn yellow producing progesterone called Corpus Luteum they are reason second half is called luteal phase if oven doesn t get fertilized or doesn t get embedded into uterine wall this phase lasts for about 14 days Follicular estrogen Luteal progesterone If fertilization occurs remains in luteal phase for pregnancy Except for these interruptions cycles like this until menopause