NHM 101 1nd Edition Lecture 32 Outline of Last Lecture I Lifestyle Nutrition Pregnancy lactation and Infancy Outline of Current Lecture II III Nutrition and Lactation Nutrition during infancy Current Lecture Lactation 75 of women attempt breastfeeding Thus 25 of newborns are given formula in their first 2 days of life Only 22 make it through the first year 25 of employers have lactation programs AAP recommendation 1 year or longer Breastfeeding benefits of the mother Hormonal o Suppression of ovulation and menstruation Physical o Reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancers and osteoporosis o Better health outcomes in general Psychosocial o May lower risk of postpartum depression o Fosters maternal infant bonding Breastfeeding benefits of the infant Human milk exactly matches infants needs Immunological benefits Fewer acute illnesses Lower infant mortality rates in developing countries Reduction in chronic illnesses Childhood overweight These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Cognitive benefits Reduction in pain Common Barriers to breastfeeding Lack of knowledge Embarrassment Time and social constraints Lack of support from family and friends Concerns about provider misinformation o Inadequate health care provider lactation management training o Disruptive hospital policies Nutrition during lactation Energy for mother o 500 additional calories per day Fats Vitamin D o Supplementation needed if exclusively breastfeeding Water o 12 cups per day Nutrition during infancy Weight gain Energy nees Protein intake Fluoride Vitamin D Introduce food and cup at 6 months o First food is rice cereal Nutrition during childhood Evaluating growth o Growth charts BMI o 1 3 children are overweight or obese Trends in dietary intake o Beverages contribute to 20 25 of calories o Decline in milk veggies and eggs o Increase in fruit fruit juices sweetened beverages poultry and cheese Dietary guidelines Nutrients of concern in 2005 for children o Calcium fiber magnesium potassium Nutrients of concern in 2010 for children o Vitamin D o Potassium and calcium o Dietary fiber o SoFAS solid fats and or added sugars SoFAS make up 1 3 of a childs intake in the U S Physical Activity in Childhood Physical activity o 60 minutes or more each day of physical activity play time o Limit screen time to no more than 2 hours per day Nutrition during adolescence Growth o Males weight gain and linear growth coincide o Females linear growth typically happens before peak weight gain Overweight and obesity o 34 are overweight or obese o 18 are obese Nutrients of concern Deficiencies o Folate o Vitamins A B6 E o Iron o Zinc o Calcium o Fiber Excess o Total fat o Saturated fat o Cholesterol o Sodium o Sugar Define vegetarian Semi vegetarian o Exclude red meat Lacto ovo vegetarian o Exclude meat poultry fish and seafood Lacto vegetarian o Exclude meat poultry fish seafood and eggs Vegan o Consume no animal products Adolescent vegetarians Approximately 4 of adolescents 11 report being vegetarian at some point during adolescence Reasons include o Cultural or religious beliefs health beliefs as a means to restrict calories or fat intake as a means to exert independence Adolescent vegetarians consume more o Fruits and vegetables o Fewer sweets o Fewer salty snack foods o Less fat Must monitor intake of protein calcium Vitamin D B6 and B12 Adolescent vegetarians are more likely to o Report binge eating o Twice as likely to report frequent or chronic dieting o Four times more likely to report purging o Eight times more likely to report laxative use When compared to non vegetarian adolescents What do we recommend Adolescents can make their own choices Assess their reason for becoming a vegetarian Educate them on how to get the essential nutrients in that they may be missing out on Ask questions to assess possible disordered eating Adolescent Nutrition eating disorders What is an eating disorder Its not about food The most common element in all eating disorders is the lack of self esteem It is a psychiatric diagnosis caused by a variety of emotional factors and influences It can be the result of POOR diet choices and unsuccessful dieting attempts 35 of normal dieters may progress to pathological dieting Who suffers from eating disorders 5 10 million girls and women 1 million boys and men Other stats o 80 of American women say they are dissatisfied with their appearance o Average American women is 5 4 tall and weighs 140 pounds o Average model is 5 11 tall and weighs 117 pounds Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa Refusal to maintain body weight of less than 85 expected Fear of gaining weight even though underweight Distorted image of body weight and shape Amenorrhea Two types of anorexia o Restricting o Binge eating purging Characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa May be of normal weight or even a little over weight Recurrent episodes of binge eating Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors o These behaviors occur at least twice weekly for 3 months Distorted view of body image Clinical depression Characteristics of binge eating May be normal weight up to severely obese Recurrent episodes of binge eating at least twice weekly for 6 months o Eating more rapidly than normal o Eating until feeling uncomfortably full o Eating large amounts when not hungry o Eating alone or secretly o Feeling disgusted depressed or guilty after eating Not associated with compensatory behaviors What causes eating disorders Psychological factors o Low self esteem feelings of inadequacy or lack of control in life o Depression anxiety anger or loneliness Interpersonal relationships o Troubled family and personal relationships o History of being teased about size or weight o History of physical or sexual abuse What causes eating disorders Social factors o Cultural pressures to be thin and possess the perfect body o Definition of beauty that includes men and women of a specific weight o Cultural norms that value people on basis of physical appearance not inner qualities Biochemical Biological factors