NHM 101 1nd Edition Lecture 31 Outline of Last Lecture I. Diet and HealthOutline of Current Lecture II. Lifestyle Nutrition: Pregnancy, lactation and InfancyCurrent LectureDid you Know?- More than half of all pregnancies are unplanned- Children born to women over 35 are more likely to have disorders related tochromosomal defects- Sperm numbers and viability decrease after age 35 but sperm is still produced.- Infertility issues apply to both men and women- 20% of pregnancies result in miscarriageNutrition prior to pregnancy - Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight- Balanced dietary intake- Physical activity- Preconception care- Manage chronic conditions- Avoid harmful substancesGrowth during pregnancy - Critical periods of developmento Before 12 weekso Neural tube and folate supplementationo Hearto Ears, eyes, extremities, and teetho Calcium and Vitamin D important later in development of bones and teethMaternal weightThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Preconceptiono Healthy Weight- Wt Gain Recommendations during Pregnancyo Underweight: 28-40 lbso Normal weight: 25-35 lbso Overweight: 15-25 lbso Obese: 11-20 lbso First trimester: 2-4 lbs totalo Second and third trimester: 1 lb per weekNutrition during pregnancy - Energy- Protein- Fat (Omega-3)- Folate- Iron- Calcium- WaterExample of 300 and 450 additional calories• 340 additional calorieso 1 cup of vanilla low-fat yogurt with one ounce of almonds• 450 additional calorieso Peanut butter and banana sandwichHarmful substances to avoid - Alcohol and other drugs- No more than 12 oz fish/seafood per week- Shark, swordfish, king mackerel high in mercury- Excessive vitamin A intake- Unpasteurized or blue-veined cheeses- Deli meats- Limit caffeineCommon nutrition related concerns - Nausea and Vomiting- Food cravings and aversions- Constipation and hemorrhoids- Heartburn- Nonfood cravings (pica)Lactation- 75% of women attempt breastfeeding- Thus, 25% of newborns are given formula in their first 2 days of life.- Only 22% make it through the first year- 25% of employers have lactation programs- AAP Recommendation: 1 year or longerBreastfeeding benefits for the mother - Hormonalo Suppression of ovulation and menstruation- Physicalo Reduced risk of breast and ovarian cancers and osteoporosiso Better health outcomes in general- Psychosocialo May lower risk of postpartum depressiono Fosters maternal-infant bondingBreastfeeding benefits for the infant - Human milk exactly matches infant needs- Immunological benefits- Fewer acute illnesses- Lower infant mortality rates in developing countries- Reduction in chronic illnesses- Childhood overweight- Cognitive benefits- Reduction in painCommon barriers to breastfeeding- Lack of knowledge- Embarrassment- Time and social constraints- Lack of support from family and friends- Concerns about diet and health practices- Health care provider misinformationo Inadequate health care provider lactation management trainingo Disruptive hospital policies (ex. sent home with formula)Nutrition during lactation - Energy for mothero 500 additional calories per day- Fats- Vitamin Do Supplementation needed if exclusively breastfed- Watero 12+ cups per dayNutrition during infancy- Weight gain- Energy needs- Protein intake- Fluoride- Vitamin D- Introduce food and cup at 6 monthso First food is rice