NHM 101 1nd Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Water Soluble Vitamins Outline of Current Lecture II. Water Soluble VitaminIII. Fat Soluble Vitamins Current LectureCholine: essential nutrient- Functiono Helps to make neurotransmitter and the phospholipid lecithino During pregnancy, supports the development of the brain and spinal cord- AIo AI for men: 550 mg/dayo AI for women: 425 mg/day- Upper Limito UL: 3500 mg/day- Food sourceso Milko Eggso peanuts- Deficiencyo None noted- Toxicityo None noted Vitamin C- Functiono Antioxidant- substance that significantly decreases the adverse effects of free radicals by donating an electron or two.- Free radicals are an unstable moleculeo Protects tissues from oxidative stress.o May play an important role in preventing disease.o Serves as a cofactor to form collageno Enhances iron absorption in the small intestineThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Some studies show no benefit to preventing common- RDA o RDA for men: 90 mg/dayo RDA for women: 75 mg/dayo Smokers: +35 mg/day- Upper Limito UL: 2000 mg/day- Food sourceso Fruits (citrus fruits, strawberries)o Vegetables (broccoli)- Deficiencyo Scurvy- Symptoms: Bleeding gums Pinpoint hemmorhages Muscles degenerate Skin rashes Wounds fail to heal Teeth fall out due to weakening cartilage- Toxicityo GI distresso Diarrhea Vitamin A- Functiono Regulate the expression of geneso Vision- Maintains a clear cornea- Conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at the retinao Part of protein synthesis and cell differentiation to maintain the health of epithelial cells and skino Vitamin A protects skin from sun damageo Support reproduction and regulate growtho Participates in sperm developmento Supports fetal growtho Beta carotene acts as an antioxidant- RDA o RDA for men: 900 mcg/dayo RDA for women: 700 mcg/day- Upper Limito UL: 3000 mcg/day- Food sourceso Milk and milk productso Eggso Livero Beta carotene- Dark green leafy vegetables- Deep orange fruits and vegetables Apricots and cantaloupe Squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin- Deficiencyo Uncommon in the U.S.o Deficiency symptoms would not appear for 1-2 years in an adult aftero minimal intake in the dieto Major nutrition problem in developing countries- 250 million children have vitamin A deficiency- 1-2% become blind every yearo Night blindness is one of the first detectable signs- Individuals lose the ability to recover from the temporary blinding ofo a bright light at nighto Total blindness- Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world- Toxicityo Typically only happens with high doses from supplementso Beta carotene causes yellowing of the skin but is not harmfulo Suppresses bone building activityo Cause birth defects by causing abnormal cell death in the spinal cordo Accutane-made from Vitamin A but is chemically different Vitamin D- Two forms:o Vitamin D2: primarily from plants foodso Vitamin D3- Primarily from animal foods and synthesized in the skin- UV rays from the sun hit a precursor in the skin and convert it to Vitamin D3 with the help of the body’s heat- Functiono Hormoneo Bone healtho Assists in the absorption of calcium and phosphoruso May protect against tuberculosis, inflammation, hypertension,o and some cancers- RDA o RDA: 15 mcg/dayo RDA: 20 mcg/day if over 70 yo- Upper Limito UL: 20 mcg/day- Food sources Fortified milk Margarine and butter Beef and liver Fatty fish (herring, salmon, and sardines) Egg yolks- Deficiencyo 10% of the US population is deficient and 25% are marginallyo deficiento Outward signs of vitamin D deficiency are not common in adultso A Vitamin D deficiency creates a calcium deficiency- Calcium would not be absorbed in the GI tract without Vitamin Do Factors that contribute to deficiency include:- Dark skin- Breastfeeding without supplementation- Lack of sunlight- Not using fortified milko Adults- Osteopenia- Osteoporosiso Older adults- Common in the elderly- Skin, liver and kidneys lose their ability to activate Vitamin D- Older adults typically drink less milk- Spend a lot of time insideo Children and adolescents:- Adolescents: Vitamin D deficient adolescent do not reach peak bone mass.- Children Rickets- Inadequate bone mineralization that causes bowed legs Not common in US, but common worldwide AAP recommends supplementation for all children who do not receive enough Vitamin D.- Toxicityo Raises the concentration of blood calciumo High amounts of blood calcium can cause kidney stones Vitamin E- Functiono Antioxidant to defend against the adverse effects of free radicalso Thus, may reduce the risk of heart disease- RDA o RDA:15 mg/day- Upper Limito 1000 mg/day- Food sourceso Vegetable oilso Margarine and salad dressings- Deficiencyo Rareo Deficiency is usually associated with diseases with fato malabsorptiono Causes neuromuscular dysfunction- Toxicityo May interfere with blood clotting action of Vitamin K Vitamin K- Functiono Primary function is blood clottingo Synthesis of bone proteinso Bacteria in the GI tract synthesize vitamin K- RDA o RDA Men: 120 mcg/dayo RDA Women: 90 mcg/day- Upper Limito No UL- Food sourceso Livero Dark green leafy vegetableso Vegetable oils- Deficiencyo Secondary deficiency-occurs for other reasons than inadequateo dietary intakeo Problems with fat absorption may cause deficiencyo Antibiotics kill the bacteria in the intestineo Newborns are born with a sterile GI tract and thus their body cannot make vitamin K- Given a single dose at birth- Toxicityo Not commono High doses can work against Coumadin, an anti-coagulant