NHM 101 1nd Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Antioxidants, Phytochemicals, and Functional FoodsOutline of Current Lecture II. Water Soluble VitaminsCurrent LectureThiamin (Vitamin B1)- Functiono Part of Coenzyme TPPo Assists with energy metabolismo Participates in conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA- RDA:o RDA Men: 1.2 mg/do RDA Women: 1.1 mg/do Most Americans meet or exceed- Upper Limit: o No upper limit- Food Sources:o Grainso Pork products- Deficiency:o Beriberi: damage to nervous system, heart, and muscle weaknesso **Alcohol impairs thiamin absorption and enhances excretion- Toxicity:o None notedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)- Functiono Part of coenzyme FMN and FADo Assist with energy metabolismo Both FMN and FAD can accept and donate Hydrogen atoms- RDA o RDA Men: 1.3 mg/dayo RDA Women: 1.1 mg/dayo Most Americans meet or exceed- Upper Limito None- Food sourceso Milk and milk productso Grainso Green leafy vegetables- Deficiencyo Causes inflammation of mouth, eyes, skin and GI tract- Toxicity:o None notedNiacin (Vitamin B3)- Functiono Participation in actions of metabolism of glucose, fat, and alcoholo Protects neurological degeneration- RDA o RDA for men: 16 mg NE/dayo RDA for women: 14 mg NE/day- Upper Limito 35 mg/day- Food sourceso Meat, poultry, fisho Grainso Legumeso Vegetables: (mushroom, potatoes, and tomatoes)- Deficiency:o Pellagra Four D’s—diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death- Toxicity:o Niacin Flush: large dose of nicotinic acid Dilates capillaries and causes a tingling sensationBiotin- Functiono Metabolism-as a coenzyme in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and breakdown of amino acids and fatty acidso Protects neurological degeneration- AIo AI: 30 mcg/day- Upper Limito No UL- Food sourceso Grainso Soybeanso Egg yolks- Deficiencyo Deficiency unlikelyo High consumption of raw egg whites (2 dozen or more per day) may cause deficiencyo Symptoms of deficiency: depression, lethargy, red, scaly rash, hair loss- Toxicityo None notedPantothenic Acid- Function: o Part of Coenzyme A used in energy metabolismo Synthesis of lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin- AIo AI: 5 mg/day- Upper Limito No UL- Food sourceso Meat, poultry, liver, egg yolko Grainso Vegetables: potatoes, tomatoes, broccoli- Deficiencyo Deficiency is rareo Symptoms include:  Fatigue GI distress Neurological disturbances- Toxicityo None notedVitamin B6- Functiono Coenzyme involved in amino acid and fatty acid metabolismo Making non-essential amino acids in the bodyo Assists in making red blood cellso Vitamin B6 is stored in the muscle.- RDA o RDA: 1.3 mg/day- Upper Limito UL: 100 mg/day- Food sourceso Meat, poultry, fisho Soy productso Fortified cerealso Legumeso Noncitrus fruitso Vegetables: potatoes and other starchy vegetables- Deficiencyo Results in diminished synthesis of key neurotransmitters and accumulation of abnormal compounds in the braino Symptoms: depression and confusiono Alcohol intake can destroy Vitamin B6o Low levels associated with cancers and CVD- Toxicityo None notedFolate (Folic Acid or Folacin)- Functiono Coenzyme involved in metabolismo Helps with conversion of Vit B12 to a coenzyme formo Helps with synthesis of DNA for rapidly growing cellso Adequate consumption in key during pregnancy- Metabolism:o Excess folate is incorporated with bile and sent to gallbladdero So it is excreted back into the GI tract to be reasbsorbed- RDA o RDA: 400 mcg/day- Upper Limito UL: 1000 mcg/day- Bioavailabilityo Dietary Folate Equivalents (DFE): amount of folate available to body in each food sourceo Folate from foods is 1:1o Folate from supplements or fortification is 1.7- Food sourceso Legumeso Fruitso Vegetables: dark green leafy vegetableso Fortified Grain Products- Deficiencyo Replacement of RBC and GI tract failso Abnormal compounds accumulate in the braino Fortification as reduced deficiencyo Symptoms of deficiency Anemia and GI tract deterioration Neural tube defects Brain and spinal cord develop from the neural tube Spina bifida Folate supplementation in any woman of childbearing age- Toxicityo Folate toxicity can mask a vitamin B12 deficiencyVitamin B12- Functiono Closely related to folate as each depends on the other for activationo Synthesis of aa methionine, DNA, and RNAo Bone cell activity and metabolismo Most Vitamin B12 is reabsorbed- RDA o RDA: 2.4 mcg/day- Upper Limito None listed- Food sourceso Milko Fisho Other animal-derived foodso Fortified grains or soy products for vegans- Deficiencyo Most likely due to inadequate absorption vs. intakeo Symptoms: Anemia and impairs cognition- Toxicityo None