Final Exam Study Guide 1 Know the Student Learning Objectives given on the course syllabus Understanding anatomical terminology and body organization Describing the structure and function of cells tissues and organ systems Understanding homeostatic mechanisms Explaining the biochemical and physiological processes in the human body Analyzing anatomical structures through lab experiences and dissections 2 Be able to define Anatomy The study of the structure and shape of body parts and their Physiology The study of the function of body parts how they work to carry out relationships to one another life sustaining activities matter is composed living organisms Chemistry The branch of science concerned with the substances of which Biochemistry The study of the chemical processes and substances within Positive feedback A mechanism in which the output enhances the original stimulus e g childbirth blood clotting Negative feedback A mechanism that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis e g temperature regulation blood glucose Anabolism The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones energy consuming energy releasing Catabolism The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones Histology The study of tissues Homeostasis The body s ability to maintain stable internal conditions Metabolism All chemical reactions that occur within the body 3 Be able to identify specific examples of homeostasis and negative feedback regulation with blood glucose and calcium levels and blood pressure control Blood Glucose Insulin decreases blood glucose when levels are high glucagon increases glucose when levels are low Calcium Levels PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption calcitonin lowers calcium levels by promoting bone formation Blood Pressure Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure and signal the brain to adjust heart rate and vessel diameter 4 Be able to place each level of structural organization in the proper sequence from Simplest Most Complex 1 Proton neutron electron 2 Atom element 3 Molecule compound 4 Organelle 5 Cell 6 Tissue 7 Organ 8 System 9 Organism 5 Be able to recognize the definition description of each of the body planes Sagittal Plane Mid Para Divides the body into right and left parts Mid sagittal equal halves Para sagittal unequal Frontal Coronal Plane Divides the body into anterior front and posterior Transverse Plane Divides the body into superior upper and inferior lower back parts parts 6 Name each of the body cavities and place the following organs in the appropriate cavity Cranial Cavity Brain Vertebral Spinal Cavity Spinal cord Thoracic Cavity Heart lungs Abdominal Cavity Stomach liver intestines Pelvic Cavity portions of intestines may extend here 7 Know the location of body membranes Pleura lungs Visceral pleura covers lungs Parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity Pericardium heart Visceral pericardium covers heart Parietal pericardium lines pericardial sac Peritoneum abdominal organs Visceral peritoneum covers abdominal organs Parietal peritoneum lines abdominal wall 8 Be able to understand what is meant by and be able to use all regional and directional anatomic terms used in this course Directional Terms Superior inferior anterior posterior medial lateral proximal Regional Terms Brachial arm femoral thigh cervical neck thoracic chest distal superficial deep etc 9 Be able to define 7 is neutral ions pH A measure of hydrogen ion concentration scale from 0 acidic to 14 basic Buffer A substance that resists changes in pH by absorbing or releasing H Acid Substance that releases H ions Base Substance that accepts H ions or releases OH ions Salt Compound formed by neutralization of an acid and a base Ionic bond A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons Covalent bond A bond formed by the sharing of electrons Hydrogen bond A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom Proton Positively charged subatomic particle Neutron Neutral subatomic particle Electron Negatively charged subatomic particle Atomic number Number of protons in an atom Atomic weight Total number of protons and neutrons Cation Positively charged ion Anion Negatively charged ion Monosaccharide Single sugar molecule e g glucose Disaccharide Two sugars linked together e g sucrose Polysaccharide Many sugars linked together e g glycogen Glycerol Backbone of triglycerides Fatty acid Long hydrocarbon chain with carboxylic acid group Nucleic acid DNA or RNA Organic Contains carbon and hydrogen Inorganic Typically does not contain carbon hydrogen bonds Enzyme Protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions 10 Be able to recognize how buffers work chemically to prevent dramatic changes in pH Answer Buffers maintain pH by either absorbing excess H ions if the solution is too acidic or releasing H ions if the solution is too basic An example is the bicarbonate buffer system in blood HCO H H CO CO H O 11 Be able to recognize the location function composition of each of the following in the cell Enzymes Located in cytoplasm nucleus and organelles function as catalysts Amino acids Building blocks of proteins found in cytoplasm and ribosomes Glycogen Stored in liver and muscle cells function is energy storage RNA Found in nucleus mRNA cytoplasm tRNA rRNA functions in protein composed of proteins composed of glucose units synthesis made of nucleotides simple sugar monosaccharide of glycerol and 3 fatty acids nucleotides A T C G ATP Found in mitochondria and cytoplasm provides energy for cellular processes composed of adenine ribose and 3 phosphate groups Glucose Circulates in blood enters cells for metabolism main energy source a Triglycerides Stored in adipocytes function in long term energy storage made DNA Located in the nucleus stores genetic information composed of Phospholipids Found in plasma membrane form bilayer structure composed of glycerol 2 fatty acids phosphate group Cholesterol Embedded in plasma membrane stabilizes membrane fluidity a type of lipid steroid 12 Be able to recognize the chemical components of the plasma membrane and the role of each chemical component Phospholipids Form the bilayer hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads Proteins Transport substances act as receptors enzymes or structural Cholesterol Maintains fluidity and stability of membrane Carbohydrates Attached to proteins lipids glycoproteins glycolipids function in supports cell recognition 13 Be able to define describe the pH scale and to